(16) Electron Transport

Where does electron transport take place?

inner membrane of the mitochondria

Cytochromes

in many cases pigments. Complex compounds usually associated with metal ions like iron or copper. They have the ability to catch or release electrons. Distributed in cytochrome complexes.

List the 5 cytochromes in the mitochondria

b, C, C1, A, A3

Difference between cytochrome and cytochrome complex

cytochrome complexes contain cytochromes along with other associated protein and/or fatty acids

Cytochrome complexes are primarily associated with the [] of the mitochondria

innermost membrane

How many cytochrome complexes are we concerned with in this class?

4

Mitochondrial matrix

the innermost space of the mitochondria

Intermembrane space

the area between the inner membrane and outer membrane of the mitochondria

NADH has a binding site on which cytochrome complex?

complex 1

What happens as electrons are transferred between cytochrome complexes? (for example, when electrons are donated from complex 1 to 2)

protons in the inner mitochondrial matrix are moved to the other side of the intermembrane space

For every pair of electrons that move through ALL of the cytochrome complexes, how many protons are moved from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space?

6 protons (2 protons are moved per electron pair transfer)

Where does cytochrome complex IV dump its electrons after the have moved through the electron transport system? (AKA who is the final electron acceptor) what does this produce?

oxygen; this produces water

What other element (besides the most common one) can the human body use as the final electron acceptor if needed? In what tissue and conditions does this occur?

Sulfur; this may occur in the heart when oxygen is unavailable

ATP synthase

an enzyme which acts as a "gateway" for protons to move from the intermembrane space of the mitochondria into the mitochondrial matrix of the mitochondria. Produces ATP as this occurs

What powers ATPase’s addition of inorganic phosphate to an ADP molecule?

Chemiosmotic gradient

Other name for ATP synthase

F1ATPase

For every [] protons that move through F1ATPase, [] ATP is produced.

2;1

For every 1 NADH, [] ATP is produced in the electron transport system. For every 1 FADH2, [] ATP is produced. Why is this?

3;2; NADH produces 3 ATP as it sends its electrons to cytochrome 1 and they pass through the entire system (all the way to cytochrome IV). FADH2, however deposits its electrons at cytochrome 2, so they only partially move through the system (they only pump 4 protons, thus making only 2 ATP).

What is the grand total of ATP and GTP produced by one glucose molecule (assuming it is entirely converted to ATP and/or GTP)

36 ATP +2 GTP (38 ATP equivalent)

The processes the body uses to capture energy is approximately [____]% efficient at capturing energy (in the form of ATP and GTP) from glucose

40

t/f every eukaryotic cell has some form of glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport system

true