KT2- Cold War crisis 1958-1970

Give 2 reasons why there was tension in Berlin by 1961.

* West Berlin had higher living standards than the east- they had higher pays and more freedom
* the refugee crisis- (the brain drain) where 3 million crossed to west Germany to get a better life

How many people had travelled from east to west Germany between 1945-60?

3 million, 1/6 of the population of east G

Why was the refugee crisis in Berlin called the ‘brain drain’?

because many refugees who left were skilled and educated workers and so this worsened the east Germany economy because they lost them.

What was the 6 month ultimatum?

* Khrushchev demanded that east Germany should be officially recognised as a country
* he demanded that Berlin should be demilitarised
* Berlin should be a free city
* the west had 6 months to make these changes or else Khrushchev would hand over control of all routes into Berlin to the East German gov

Which places did the USA and USSR meet in to negotiate about the future of Berlin?

* geneva (may 1959)
* Camp David (September 1959)
* Paris (may 1960)
* Vienna (June 1961)

Who was Gary Powers?

what happened on 13th aug 1961?

East Germans began building a wall around West Berlin made of barbed wire

What was the 1st barrier between east and west Germany made of?

barbed wire

How many people managed to escape from east Berlin between 1961 and 1989?

5000

What did the wall become a symbol of?

the division of east and west

What political ideology did Fidel Castro believe in?

communism

How close was Cuba to the USA

90 miles

When was the Cuban Revolution?

January 1959

What happened during the Cuban Revolution?

* it was a communist revolution led by Fidel Castro against the pro-American gov in Cuba
* However President Eisenhower was very concerned because USA was heavily invested in Cuba → USA controlled Cuba phone networks, oil refineries, railways and they were main investor of Cuban sugar
* Fidel Castro was a nationalist who didn’t want Cuba under American control, which created tension between them- deteriorating relations

What were the consequences of the Cuban Revolution?

* USA refused to recognise Castro’s gov


* May 1959- cuban gov took away all foreign owned land and payed them reparations but USA refused this offer. Castro took their land anyways
* Feb 1960- Castro signed agreement with Khrushchev who agreed to buy cuban sugar and provide economic aid → there was also a secret clause saying sov union would provide cuban with arms
* CIA convinced president Kennedy that an invasion of Cuba to overthrow Castro would solve problem- BAY OF PIGS INVASION

How did the USA try to ruin Cuba after Castro took over?

they invaded Cuba at the Bay of Pigs by training Cuban exiles to make it seem like a Cuban revolution instead of an American invasion

How many Cuban exiles invaded Cuba in 1961?

1400

Where did the Cuban exiles invade?

Bay of Pigs

why did the bay of pigs invasion fail?

* the 1400 cuban exiles lacked military skills and they encountered 2000 soldiers who they

What was the main consequence of the failed Bay of Pigs invasion?

It strengthened relations between Cuba and Soviet Union- eg. sep 1961 Khrushchev announces publicly they are going to provide arms to Cuba….bad news for Kennedy (USA)

What did the American spy planes notice on Cuba?

they saw missile sites on Cuba and soviet ships on their way to Cuba carrying missiles

Why did Khrushchev break his promise to not place nuclear weapons in Cuba?

* USA had missiles in Turkey close to Soviet Union so he wanted to threaten them back
* Khrushchev wanted to prove strength to Kennedy and world after humiliation of Berlin Wall and mass migration from east Germany
* to prevent any future USA attacks on Cuba

How did Kennedy try to prevent missiles from reaching Cuba?

On 22nd oct, he created a naval blockade around Cuba so that no ship could pass without his permission

What deal did Kennedy make to ensure missiles were not placed in Cuba?

Identify 2 consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Who was the leader of Czechoslovkia?

What year did the Prague Spring reforms take place?

Where is Prague?

Give 2 examples of Prague Spring reforms

What did Dubcek say about the Warsaw Pact?

Who was the soviet leader at this time?

How did the Soviet Leader respond?

What happened to Dubcek in April 1969?What

What happened to the Warsaw Pact?

What was the Brezhnev Doctrine?