Lecture Notes on Strings, Conditions, and Control Structures

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards based on lecture notes covering string manipulation, condition evaluation, and control structures in programming.

String.expandtabs(integer)

Method to set the size of tab increments in a string.

Default increment for \t

8 spaces.

string.format(data)

Formats data of various types into a string.

Data types used with string.format()

Includes list, string, integer, float.

General format for string formatting

{index:how to format}.

Right justification in format specifier

Uses > symbol.

Center justification in format specifier

Uses ^ symbol.

Left justification in format specifier

Uses < symbol.

Example format string

"I have {0:>5d} {1:^7s}! ${2:<6.2f}".

Boolean conditions

Always result in True or False.

Relational operators

Operators that compare values: >,

Cannot compare

Numbers and strings.

String operators

Operators to check if a string exists in another string.

Character comparison

Compares strings character by character.

ASCII value of 'A'

65.

ASCII value of 'a'

97.

ord() function

Converts a character to its ASCII value.

chr() function

Converts an ASCII value to its character.

Logic behind logical operators

Create complex conditions resulting in True or False.

Operator precedence (high to low)

Math operators > Relational operators > Logical operators.

Logical AND operator

Only true if all conditions are true.

Logical OR operator

True if at least one condition is true.

Logical NOT operator

Inverts the truth value of a condition.

Boolean data type

Consists only of True and False.

isinstance() function

Checks the data type of a value.

stringA.startswith(stringB)

Checks if stringA starts with stringB.

stringA.endswith(stringB)

Checks if stringA ends with stringB.

string.isupper()

True if all letters are uppercase.

string.islower()

True if all letters are lowercase.

string.isdigit()

True if all characters are digits (0-9).

string.isalpha()

True if all characters are letters (upper or lower).

string.alnum()

True if all characters are letters or digits.

string.isspace()

True if all characters are whitespace.

if/else statement

Provides two options based on a condition.

Decision structure

Using conditions to control flow in a program.

Input example

Input commands to determine user menus (Lunch/Dinner).

Nested if/else statement

Any number of options can be evaluated.

while loops

Condition-controlled loops that execute as long as the condition is true.

Loop variable

Variable tested by the loop's condition.

Iteration

One execution of the loop body.

While loop general format

while condition(s): # code to repeat.

Example: Display blue 5 times.

Using a while loop with a count variable.

User-controlled loops

Loops that continue based on user input.

Input validation

Checking if user input is valid.

Sentinels in loops

Unique values indicating the loop should stop.

Break statement

Causes immediate exit from the loop.

Continue statement

Skips the current iteration of the loop.

sum of 1-5 using loop

Accumulates total using a while loop.

Display multiples of 3

Using a loop to print multiples between 1 and 50.

List data for formatting

Includes types: int, str, float, bool.

Input validation example

Asks for number 1-10, repeats if invalid.

Check for valid color input

Loops until 'RED' or 'BLUE' is entered.

False condition checks

Using logical operators in decision making.

Weight condition example

Checks if a pet is a dog and under 30 lbs.

Menu selection example

Determines food options based on user input.

General format for checking data type

isinstance(value, data type).

String starts and ends checks

Using string functions to verify position.

Returning boolean results

Evaluates conditions to return True/False.

Using formats for output

Standard format syntax for displaying data.

Character conversion to ASCII

Using ord() to get the numerical value.

Display formatted strings with variables

Incorporating data into strings via formatting.

Comparison of strings

Determined through ASCII values.

Character comparison using relational operators

To evaluate strings logically.

True and False in logical conditions

Utilizing Boolean logic.

Iterate through loop until condition fails

Using while for condition control.

Truth table for logical operators

Visualizing outcomes of AND, OR, NOT.

Data validation loops

Enforcing correct user input.

Accessing list elements via index

Using indices to retrieve formatted strings.

Predicting outcomes based on inputs

Using if-else structures to guide program flow.

Incrementing loop counters

Updating variables within loops gracefully.

Loop exit strategies

Implementing break and continue for control.

Using formatted strings for clarity

Enhancing readability through structured output.

Evaluating conditions with logical operators

Determining if conditions yield a boolean result.

Retrieving user's favorite colors

Through looping until a condition is met.

Ending a loop with a sentinel

Using specific values to stop iteration.

Displaying output effectively

Using print statements strategically.

Validating conditions with relational operators

Comparing values for decision making.

Creating complex conditions with logical operators

Combining multiple truth checks.

Memorizing ASCII table values

Knowing key character encodings.

String formatting with indices

Positioning data for clear output.

Representing data types in programming

Understanding int, str, float, and bool.

Defining conditions for execution paths

Structuring execution based on true/false outcomes.

Enforcing character case checks

Using isupper() and islower() methods.

Displaying conditional outputs

Using print structures within decision frameworks.

Retaining string integrity while manipulating

Ensuring strings maintain their value after checks.

Evaluating menu options via user input

Navigating choices based on what user selects.