anatomy lab exam, skeleton

skeletal system major organs

bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow

ligaments

cords of regular dense fibrous tissue that binds the bone to one another

How many bones are in the body?

206

long bones

longer than they are wide, limb bones

short bones

cube shaped bones of the wrist and ankle

flat bones

thin, flattened, and usually curved

irregular bones

bones of the vertebrae and face, complex shape

sesamoid bones

round bones found near joints (e.g., the patella)

Periosteum

sheet of irregular, dense fibrous connective tissue continuous with the ligaments. covers the shaft and part of the heads of a long bone

What is articular cartilage?

A smooth cap of hyaline cartilage found where the bone articulates with another bone.

Where is articular cartilage found?

At the locations where bones form joints.

What type of cartilage is articular cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage.

What is the function of articular cartilage?

To facilitate smooth movement at joints.

Diaphysis

shaft of long bone, composed of compact bone

Epiphysis

end of bone, spongy bone

Endosteum

epithelial membrane that lines the medullary cavity

medullary cavity

marrow cavity, within the center of diaphysis

cancellous bone

spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone.

compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is found in outer shell of a bone.

What is an osteon?

A structural unit of compact bone.

What is found in the center of an osteon?

A central canal.

What surrounds the central canal in an osteon?

Concentric cylindrical lamellae of matrix.

What is the composition of the matrix in an osteon?

Multiple concentric layers of hard bone matrix.

Where are the cells located in the osteon matrix?

Sandwiched between each layer.

central (Haversian) canal

contains blood vessels and nerves

volkmann (transverse) canals

connect Haversian canals

Perforating canals

run into the compact bone at right angles to the shaft

Canaliculi

Small channel or duct in ossified bone

Trabeculae

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous bone

spongy bone

-Cancellous or trabecular bone

-Located internal to compact bone

-Appears porous

-20% of bone mass

myeloid or hematopoietic tissue

special type of blood tissue that produces new blood cells

epiphyseal plate

growth plate

Ossification

bone formation

axial skeleton

skull, vertebral column, rib cage, sternum. 80 bones

appendicular skeleton

Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton. 126 bones

Osteoblasts

bone forming cells

Osteocytes

bone cells

Osteoclasts

break down bone

wormian bones or sutural bones

extra bones in the skull

angle (bone markings)

corner

Body (bone markings)

main portion of a bone

condyle (bone markings)

A smooth, rounded articular process, forms joints

crest (bone markings)

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent, site for muscle attachment

Epicondyle (bone markings)

Raised area on or above a condyle

Facet (bone markings)

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

fissure (bone markings)

narrow, slit-like opening

fossa (bone markings)

shallow depression

head (bone markings)

distinct epiphysis on a long bone

line (bone markings)

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

margin (bone markings)

tubelike opening or channel

Neck (bone markings)

A narrow connection between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

Notch (Bone Markings)

v-like depression in margin or edge of flat area

process (bone markings)

projection or bump

ramus (bone markings)

curved armlike bar of bone

sinus (bone markings)

cavity within a bone

spine (bone markings)

similar to a crest but raised, sharp, muscle attachment

sulcus (bone markings)

narrow groove

Trochanter (bone markings)

large blunt elevation

tubercle (bone markings)

Small rounded projection or process

tuberosity (bone markings)

large, oblong rounded elevation