Structure and Function of the Body Chapter 2 (Chemistry of Life)

Atom

Smallest unit of matter.

Matter

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

Molecule

Particles of matter that have one or more atoms.

Electron

Negatively charged particle.

Proton

Positively charged particle.

Compound

Substances whose molecules have more than one element.

Molecule

Group of atoms bound in a group.

Element

Pure substance; made up of one kind of atom.

Four Kinds of atoms

Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen and Hydrogen.

Chemical Bonds

Form to make atoms more stable.

Ionic Bonds

Easily broken apart; table salt (electrolyte).

Positive ion

Atom has lost electrons (t) sign.

Negative ion

Atom has gained electrons (-) sign.

Electrolyte

Molecule that dissociates (breaks apart) in water to form an individual ion.

Covalent Bonds

Strong bonds that are hard to break apart.

Organic Compounds

Contain carbon- carbon or carbon- hydrogen covalent bonds.

Inorganic molecules

Do not contain carbon.

Three points about water:

1) Essential to life

2) Inorganic and most abundant in body.

3) Solvent- things (solutes) dissolve in it.

Dehydration Synthesis

Water is lost.

Hydrolysis

Water is added.

Chemical reactions

Involve energy transfers.

Neutral PH

PH equal to seven.

PH less than seven

Acid.

Alkaline or base

PH greater than seven.

PH of 10.5

Alkaline

PH of 2.5

Acid

Neutralization

Occurs when acids and bases mix and form salts.

Carbohydrates

Sugars and complex carbohydrates.

Monosaccharide

Single sugar (Glucose).

Disaccharide

Double sugar, made up of two monosaccharides (sucrose, lactose).

Polysaccharide

Many monosaccharide units (glycogen and starch).

Liver and muscle cells form:

Glycogen.

Lipids

Breaks down into fatty acids.

Phospholipids

Two fatty acids; forms the foundation for a cell membrane, good fat.

Cholesterol

Body uses to make steroid hormones (estrogen and testosterone).

Proteins

Have nitrogen and break down into amino acids.

Collagen

Fibrous protein that holds many tissues together (stomach).

Keratin

Forms a network of waterproof fibers in the outer layer of the skin.

Structural Proteins

Collagen and Keratin.

Functional Proteins

Participate in chemical processes (Enzymes).

Enzymes

Catalysts for chemical reactions (vitamins and minerals).

Enzymes

Proteins make:

Lock and key

Each enzyme fits into one particular molecule to make them work.

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotide- basic building blocks of:

DNA

Master code of the cells; what you are going to be.

RNA

Messenger code in cell reproduction.

ATP

Energy role in the body.

Adenosine Triphosphate

ATP: Energy.

Aqueous Solution

Water plus salt.

Water

Compound most essential to life.