"p"arents generation- original breeding generation in genetics.
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F1 generation
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First generation of offspring in genetics. (children)
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F2 generation
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Second generation of offspring in genetics. (grandchildren)
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Co-Dominance (Co-dominant)
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The phenotype is a perfect 50/50 blend of both alleles. (ex RW= Pink) {Note: do not use capital and lower case letters for this but 2 separate letters. R=red W=White)
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Incomplete Dominance (Incomplete Dominant)
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The phenotype is a blend of both alleles but one allele is stronger. (ex pw= pale lavender) {Note: do not use capital and lower case letters for this but 2 separate letters. p=purple, w=White)
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Nucleotide Base
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A single unit of DNA. (A, T, C, G). Like a letter
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Codon
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3 letters of DNA, used to make 1 Amino Acid in a Protein. Like a word
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Gene
Size of DNA that is responsible for making 1 protein (tertiary structure). Like a Sentence
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Sex Chromosome(s)
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X and Y chromosome, also called chromosome 23. Combination of these chromosomes almost always determines your gender.
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Autosome
Chromosome 1-22, numbered by size. 1 is the biggest.
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46XX
Most common female karyotype
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46XY
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Most common male karyotype
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Barr Body
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Each cell only has one copy of the X chromosome active. All "extra" x chromosomes undergo x-inactivation and form a Barr body.
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Diploid
Cell that has 2 copies of each chromosome.
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Haploid
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Cell that has only 1 copy of each chromosome
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Meiosis
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Process where sex cells (gametes) are made. Cells go from 2X to 4X to 2X to 1X. Meiosis results in 4 haploid cells.
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Triploid
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Having 3 copies of all chromosomes.
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Trisomy
Having 3 copies of 1 chromosome. Trisomy 16 (3 copies of chromosome 16) is most common known cause of miscarried fetuses.
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ABO
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Most common gene for determining blood type. A and B gene are co-dominant. O is recessive to both A and B.
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Increasing Sizes of DNA
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nucleotide, codon. gene, chromosome, genome
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Chromosome
Millions of DNA bases on a single threadlike structure. Segregate during cell duplication. There are 2 X 23 in humans. Like Chapters in a book
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Genome
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All the DNA in an organism. Like a book.
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Karyotype
A "picture" of an organisms genome. All chromosomes are organized in pairs and according to size.
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Sex Linked Trait
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Genes that determine these traits reside on the sex chromosomes and as such vary between males and females. Almost always on the X chromosome.
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Tetraploid
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Cells that contain 4 copies of each chromosome. A intermediate step in meiosis.
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Rh factor
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Gene whose product is a receptor on red blood cells. A person who has the Rh factor is said to have positive (+) blood. A person without it is said to be minus (-).
Studied by 4 people
