PS276 Midterm 1 review

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Age-graded change

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201 Terms

1

Age-graded change

Developmental changes that occur in a fixed sequence and are universal.

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Periods of development

Prenatal (conception-brith), infancy (birth-18m), toddler (18m-3yrs), early childhood (3-5yrs), middle/late childhood (6-puberty), adolescence, young adulthood, (20-40), emerging adulthood (18-25) middle age (40-65), and old age (young old age: 65-80 and old-old age (80+).

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3

Nature vs nurture

The debate about the relative influence of biological/genetic factors and environmental/experiential factors on development.

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4

Active vs passive

The debate about whether individuals are shaped by external forces (passive) or have agency and control over their own lives (active).

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5

Quantitative vs qualitative

The distinction between changes in amount/degree and changes in form/kind in development.

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Continuous vs discontinuous

The distinction between development that occurs in a steady and smooth fashion vs development that occurs in start and stop fashion, in spurts

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Continuity vs stability

The distinction between mean/average levels of development and rank order or relative standing of individuals.

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8

Folk psychology

Personal experience-based knowledge and understanding of human behavior and development.

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9

Scientific knowledge

Knowledge and understanding of human behavior and development based on research and evidence.

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10

Observation

The method of collecting data by directly observing behavior or phenomena (diaries, naturalistic, structured, by self/others)

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11

Questionnaires

A data collection method that involves asking participants to respond to a set of structured or open-ended questions (pioneered by Stanley Hall)

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12

Correlational studies

Research studies that examine the relationship between variables and determine the strength and direction of the association.

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13

Experimental studies

Research studies that manipulate variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships.

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14

Correlation coefficient

A statistical measure that describes the relationship between two variables, ranging from -1 to +1.

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15

Sequential design

A research design that combines elements of longitudinal and cross-sectional designs by selecting different age groups over time.

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16

Pubertas

The Latin term for puberty, which refers to the period of maturation and sexual development.

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17

Endocrine system

The system of glands that produce, circulate, and regulate hormones in the body.

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18

Hormones

Chemical substances produced by the endocrine glands that regulate various bodily functions and processes.

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19

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons

Neurons in the hypothalamus that are activated by certain pubertal hormones and play a role in the onset of puberty.

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20

Androgens

Sex hormones, such as testosterone, that are higher in females following puberty.

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21

Estrogens

Sex hormones, such as estradiol, that are higher in males following puberty.

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22

Adrenarche

The maturation of the adrenal gland that takes place during adolescence.

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23

Cortisol

A hormone produced during times of stress.

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24

Kisspeptin

A brain chemical believed to trigger the onset of puberty.

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25

Epiphysis

The closing of the ends of bones, which terminates the growth spurt after the adolescent growth spurt is complete.

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26

Secondary sex characteristics

Physical manifestations of sexual maturity that develop during puberty, such as breast development, facial/body hair growth, and voice changes.

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27

Tanner stages

A system used to describe the five stages of pubertal development.

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28

Menarche

The first occurrence of menstruation in females.

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29

Precocious/delayed

Terms used to describe individuals who experience puberty outside the average ages.

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30

Pheromones

Chemicals secreted by animals that stimulate behaviors in other members of the species and may play a role in pubertal maturation.

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31

Plasticity

The brain's ability to change and adapt over time.

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32

Delayed phase preference

A sleep pattern characterized by later sleep and wake times, often observed during puberty.

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33

Basal metabolism rate

The minimum amount of energy used by the body during a rest state.

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34

Body mass index (BMI)

A measure of body fat calculated by dividing weight by height squared.

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35

Pseudomature

A term used to describe individuals who wish they were older, spend time with older peers, are less involved in school, and focus more on their peers.

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36

Puberty complex

The period of development during which adolescents experience physical and hormonal changes.

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37

Primary sex characteristics

Sex organs needed for reproduction that develop during puberty.

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38

Secondary sex characteristics

Physical manifestations of sexual maturity that emerge during adolescence and serve as signals to potential mates.

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39

HPG (Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal) axis

A feedback loop that regulates levels of androgens and estrogen during puberty.

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40

Menarche

The onset of menstruation in females.

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41

Leptin

Proteins made by fat cells that signal the body's readiness for reproduction.

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42

Melatonin

A hormone that regulates sleep and can influence the timing of puberty.

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43

Secular trend

The decline in the age of first menstruation and reaching puberty earlier over the past two centuries due to improved nutrition and health.

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44

Maturity gap

The discrepancy between biological changes during puberty and other domains of development, such as cognitive and social.

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45

Moodiness

Fluctuations in mood often associated with adolescence, but not directly caused by hormones.

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46

Emotional arousal

Increased emotional sensitivity and desire for rewarding activities during puberty.

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47

Maturational deviance hypothesis

The idea that early maturing girls may experience more stress and negative outcomes due to standing out from their peers.

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48

Developmental readiness hypothesis

The theory that early maturing girls may struggle with the changes of puberty because they have not yet developed the necessary coping skills.

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49

Counterfactually

thinking not only about how things are, but what they might’ve been

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50

Metacognition

process of thinking about thinking about self

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51

Adolescent egocentrism

extreme self-absorption, often a consequence of too much thinking about thinking

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52

Imaginary audience

brought on by the heightened self-consciousness of early adolescence, that everyone is watching and evaluating one's behavior

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53

Personal fable

belief you are unique and therefore not subject to rules that govern others

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54

Cognitive-developmental view

Developmental perspective based on work of Piaget. Takes on a qualitative, stage-theory approach

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55

Information-processing perspective

from study of AI and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process (such as memory)

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56

Selective attention

we focus on one stimulus while tuning out another

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57

Divided attention

paying attention to two or more things at once

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58

Working memory

aspect of memory where information is held for a short period

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59

Long-term memory

gives you ability to recall something from a long time ago

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60

Autobiographical memory

recall of personally meaningful past events

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61

Reminiscence bump

fact that experiences from adolescence are generally recalled more than other stages of life

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62

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI

to get images of the brain while subject is performing some mental task

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63

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

used to produce images of the brain that show connections among different regions

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64

Neurons

electrical signals transmission across circuits (cell body, axon, dendrite)

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65

Synapse

gap between neurons, where neurotransmitters carry electrical impulses

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66

Neurotransmitters

specialized chemicals that carry electrical impulses between neurons

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67

Synaptic pruning

process when unnecessary connections between neurons are eliminated, improves efficiency of information processing

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68

Myelin

insulates brain circuits, keeping the impulses flowing along their intended pathways rather than leaking out

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Myelination

process where brain circuits are insulated with myelin, improves efficiency of information processing

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70

Developmental plasticity

extensive remodeling of the brain's circuitry in response to experiences during childhood and adolescence, while the brain is still maturing

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71

Adult plasticity

relatively minor changes in brain circuits as a result of experiences during adulthood, after brain development

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72

Prefrontal cortex

Brain region most important for thinking, planning, thinking ahead, weighing risks and rewards and impulse control (cognitive control system)

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73

Limbic system

plays an important role in the processing of emotional experience, social information and reward and punishment (socio-emotional system)

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74

Neural maturation index

Combines measures of synaptic pruning and myelination to get an overall measure of brain development during adolescence

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75

Executive function

more advanced thinking abilities, enabled by the maturation of the prefrontal cortex

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76

Functional connectivity

extent multiple brain regions function at the same time

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77

Dopamine

neurotransmitter important in brain circuits, regulates experience of reward

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78

Serotonin

neurotransmitter that is important for the experience of different moods

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79

Brain development index

quantified how mature the brain's circuitry was

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80

Zone of proximal development

level of challenge within an individuals reach but forced then to develop more advanced skills (Vygotsky)

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81

Scaffolding

stepped and structured learning

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82

Social cognition

aspect of cognition that concern thinking about people, interpersonal relations and social institutions

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83

Mentalizing

ability to understand someone else’s mental state

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84

Social conventions

norms that govern behaviour in social situations

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85

Behavioral decision theory

an approach to understanding adolescent risk taking, where behaviors are seen as the outcome of systemic decision-making process

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86

Sensation seeking

The tendency to seek out exciting experiences, taking risks and engaging in novel activities to satisfy need for stimulation & arousal.

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87

Dogmatism

blindly cling to some authority; religion, science

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Skepticism

Embrace the fact that there is no absolute, undoubtable knowledge; therefore, no basis for authority or rational consensus on truth

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89

Piaget’s 4 stages of development from birth to adulthood

Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years), Pre-operational stage (2-5 years), Concrete operational (6-11 years), Formal operational period (adolescence – adulthood)

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90

Major changes in cognition from kids to adults

Better at thinking about possibilities, thinking abstractly, metacognition, more multidimensional thinking, relativistic thinking

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91

Gray matter

Darker tissue in the brain and spinal cord, essential for processing and transmitting information, influencing memory, attention, and decision-making.

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92

Adolescence

The period of development between childhood and adulthood, typically characterized by physical, cognitive, and social changes.

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93

Plasticity

The brain's ability to change and adapt in response to experiences.

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94

White matter

The tissue in the brain that contains nerve fibers and facilitates communication between different brain regions.

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95

Behavioral Decision Theory

A theory that analyzes behaviors, including risky ones, as the outcome of a decision-making process involving five steps.

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96

Social redefinition

The process in which an individual's position or status is redefined by society.

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97

Age of majority

The designated age at which a person is recognized as an adult.

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98

Statutory rape

Sexual activity between two individuals, even if consensual, when one of them is below the legal age of consent.

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99

Initiation ceremony

A formal induction of a young person into adulthood, often involving rituals or ceremonies.

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100

Juvenile justice system

A separate system of courts and related institutions developed to handle juvenile crime and delinquency.

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