computer engineering g11 - intro to electronics

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Static electricity

Unmoving, accumulated charge caused by an excess or deficiency of electrons

Atoms

Tiny building blocks that make up all materials, consisting of electrons, protons, and neutrons

Electrons

Particles with a negative electric charge

Protons

Particles with a positive electric charge

Neutrons

Particles with no electric charge

Free electrons

Electrons in conductors that can easily move and carry current

Insulators

Materials that do not allow free electron movement easily

Conductors

Materials that allow free electrons to move easily and conduct electricity

Dynamic electricity

The continuous flow of electrons through a conductor, also known as electric current

Electron flow

The movement of electrons in response to an electric field

Wire gauges

The measurement system for wire size, affecting current-carrying capacity and resistance

AWG system

The American Wire Gauge system used to standardize wire sizes, with lower numbers indicating thicker wires

Diameter & Resistance Relationship

Larger wires have lower resistance because they allow more space for electron flow

Current capacity

The maximum amount of current a wire can safely carry without overheating

Feet per pound

A measure of how much wire of a given gauge weighs one pound, with thicker wires being heavier

Ohm's Law

V = IR, The relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) in a circuit

Voltage

The potential energy difference between two points, measured in volts (V)

Current

The rate of flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A)

Resistance

The opposition to the flow of current, measured in ohms (Ω)

Water Tank Analogy

Voltage is like water pressure, current is the flow of water, and resistance is the width of the pipe

Electric circuit

A complete path through which electricity flows, including a power source, conductors, and loads

Short circuit

A direct connection between positive and negative that can cause excess current and damage components

Open circuit

A break in the circuit that prevents current from flowing

LED

A type of diode that emits light when powered

How LEDs work

LEDs require correct polarity and a resistor to prevent damage

Types of LEDs

Standard, RGB, high-power, infrared, UV, and addressable LEDs

Uses of LEDs

Found in lighting, indicators, displays, and electronics

Resistor

A component that limits electrical current, measured in ohms (Ω)

Types of resistors

Fixed, variable (potentiometers), surface-mount, and through-hole resistors

Resistor uses

Voltage division, current limiting, and pull-up resistors in circuits

Resistor color code

Resistors are marked with colored bands to indicate their resistance value

Capacitors

Components that store and release electrical energy

Capacitance

The ability of a capacitor to store charge

Capacitor types

Ceramic, electrolytic, and supercapacitors for various uses

Capacitor uses

Energy storage, voltage regulation, and filtering in circuits

Multimeter

A tool that measures voltage, current, and resistance

Multimeter parts

It includes a display, selection knob, and ports for probes

Series circuits

Circuits where current flows through components in a single path with the same current through each

Parallel circuits

Circuits where components are connected in multiple paths, each with the same voltage

Potentiometer

A variable resistor used to adjust voltage, such as controlling the brightness of an LED

Potentiometer operation

As the knob turns, resistance changes, controlling the LED’s brightness

Diodes

Components that allow current to flow only in one direction and block it when reverse-biased

Rectifiers

Diodes that convert AC (alternating current) to DC (direct current)

Transistor

A semiconductor device used as a switch or amplifier

Transistor structure

It has three pins: collector, base, and emitter

Transistor control function

The base pin adjusts current flow, like a valve for electrons or holes

Electrical continuity

complete path for current flow

Watt

measure of the rate of energy transfer over a unit of time