Hist 010 exam 1

Mesopotamia

Section 1

Sargon

leader of the Akkadians, overran the Sumerian city-states and established the first dynastic empire.

• His power was based on the military, namely, his standing army of 5,400 men.

Gilgamesh

wise, strong, and perfect in body, part man and part god, befriends a hairy beast named Enkidu. Together they set off in pursuit of heroic deeds. When Enkidu dies, Gilgamesh experiences the pain of mortality and begins a search for the secret of immortality.

Hammurabi

who ruled over the Amorites or Old Babylonians, a large group of Semitic-speaking seminomads.

• he gained control of Sumer and Akkad, new Mesopotamian kingdom. After his conquests, he called himself “the sun of Babylon” and established a new capital at Babylon.

Egypt

Section 2

Nile

• The best river

• was considered a gift by Egyptian peoples

• It is the longest river and has predictable flooding

• allows life in the middle of the desert

• blessed Egypt with natural resources: gold papyrus

Menes

The first Egyptian state is created, and he makes himself pharaoh.

Khufu

The largest and most magnificent of all the pyramids was his. Constructed at Giza around BCE this famous Pyramid covers 13 acres, measures 7: at each side of its base, and stands 481 feet high

Hyksos

• The First Invasion in Egypt

• pastoralist

Pastoralist people

people from the Near East

• they didnt care about reading or writing only fighting

• They had superior military technology: composite bows, stronger swords, body armor, chariots

chariot

the most important weapon in the bronze age

Ahmose I

• liberated Egypt

• Drives out Hyksos/ Nubians, frees Egypt

Hatshepsut

first female pharaoh and ruler in history maybe (1478-1458)

Thutmosis III

• His goal was to conquer an empire

• Hatsheputs stepson

• In 1457 they fought in the battle of megiddo

• Conquered the near east and the greatest empire seen in history (new kingdom egypt)

• However had a new enemy: the Hittite empire

indo-europeans

pastoralist people

Hittites

• Egypts new enemy

• Indo-European tribe/ pastoralist people

• They conquered Anatolia, capital at Hattusa

Ramses II

• the great 1279-1213

Longest rein in history

Wanted to drive the Hittite out

participated in the biggest chariot battle in the history of the world

Collapse of the Bronze Age World

section 3

Internal factors leading to the collapse

• bad leadership

  • Leadership passed on, sometimes leader happens to be unworthy

• civil wars

  • bad leadership causes breakouts in rebellion, and wars

• Economic decline

  • due to breakouts it fell on the economy

• climate change

  • natural disasters, a sign from the gods that they were mad

External factors leading to the collapse

1. Generally, throughout the Bronze Age, civilizations had certain advantages over pastoralists

   1. Larger populations= larger armies, organization, usually technology, fortifications, and chariots

   2. In the later bronze age pastoralists had new and improved military technology and tactics

Mycenae

1. Greatest and biggest city: 20,000 people, 7000 chariot teams

2. city states were destroyed, including Mycenae and Pylos

3. Greece plunged into a long dark age

Pylos

another city state destroyed—

Ugarit

• every city destroyed in the near east

• including this city???—-

sea peoples

they invaded Egypt 4 separate times along with other groups

• egypt survived but was weakened

Ramses III

A pharoah of egypt

• endured many attacks

• Egypt was weakened

• the new kingdom has ended marking the last great period of ancient Egyptian history

• a dark age beginning

Persia

section 4

Assyrian empire

• a semitic people conquered largest empire yet seen in history

• Subjugated Persians during reign of Shalmaneser III

Persian empire

—

Cyrus II

• the king of kings

• “the great”

• Member of the Achaemenid dynasty: king of Anshan; subject of the Median king Astyages (his grandfather)

• 554: he unifies all the Persian tribes under his rule

• 550: allies with Babylon and wins victory at Pasargadae and overthrew Median rule, conquering media

  • Persia is liberated

  • Media is subjected under foreign power (Persia)

• He began to conquer Lydia (546), Ionia (540), Babylonia (539)

• killed in battle and then succeeded by his son Cambyses II

Cambyses II

1. He conquered Egypt, and parts of Nubia and Kush around the Nile river

2. Persians now conquered all of the 4 powers of the middle east

3. After conquering Egypt, he died under mysterious circumstances (522)

4. Led to a civil war amongst family to see who would take his place

   1. Won by one of his cousins (Darius I 521-486 BCE)

Darius I

1. 3rd king of Persian empire

   1. Expanded the empire and conquered territory in the east (central Asia)

      1. Conquered India

      2. Led the first Persian army into Europe

satrapies/ satraps

1. Imperial administration-(province) governed by a (governor): runned the empire on behalf of the king

   1. Collect taxes

   2. Enforce the laws

   3. No rebelling

Zoroastrianism

1. Religion- Ahura Mazda vs Angromainya: 2 gods

   1. Ahura Mazda- good

   2. Angromainya- evil

   3. People played a role within good and evil

archaic age greece

section 5

archaic age

1. Recovery from the long dark age

   1. Population rises, the number/ size of cities increases; Greeks engage in trade

Phoenicians

1. Greeks learn new technologies from other civilizations, borrowed alphabet

   1. 22 symbols each representing a sound

hoplite

1. The Greeks learn about iron= rise of new soldier armed with iron not bronze

2. Greek soldiers always paid for their own equipment (iron cheaper than bronze)

3. There was always a direct connection between military service and political power

   1. If you fought in the military, you get to vote

   2. Bronze was so expensive that few people could afford it but with iron they could

      1. So iron allowed- cheaper, able to afford and serve in the military to demand political power

polis

1. By the end (500 BCE) 1000 (independent countries)

   1. All run not by a king or pharaoh but by an assembly of male citizens

      1. Citizens with political rights: attend assembly, propose, debate, vote= worlds 1st democracy

      2. Not democratic :women, aliens (outsiders), and slaves had no political rights

sparta

1. Oligarchy- rule by few = most common

   1. Only hoplites had political rights (10% estimated)

oligarchy

rule by few Sparta= most common

Athens

1. Democracy- rule by many Athens

   1. All male citizens had political power despite wealth

Democracy

 rule by many Athens

Classical Greece

section 6

persian war

greeks win

battle of marathon

1. Persian king Darius I decides to punish Athens for aiding the revolt of Persian subjects

2. Athenian assembly decides to fight: 9,000 Athenians and 1000 platens march out

results in Athenian victory, Persians flee back to Persia

Xerxes

486:Darius dies, succeeded by his son

has amassed 200,000 soldiers and 600 triremes (naval vessels)

battle of salamis

1. Wants so send navy into channel to attack greeks

2. Persian ships faster and more manuverable

3. Greek navy is victorious, destroys persian navy their fleet sunk

4. Xerxes takes most of his army and fleas back to persia

5. Xerxes doesn't have a navy to help him cross the sea

6. Greeks may try to trap him

battle of platea

1. 70,000 persian soldiers still in greece

2. greek victory

3. Last big battle of war

4. Greeks win persian war

Herodotus

thucydides

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