KINE 1P99 Everything After Midterm 2

In which part of the digestive tract is mucosal folding most prominent, and why?

Least folding in esophagus: non-absorption

which tissue is associated with lamina propria

loose connective tissue

which muscle is associated with muscularis mucosa

smooth muscle

why does contraction of inner circular layer useful in the digestion system

helps bring food down because diameter is smaller so forces food down more efficiently with each contraction

3 functions of mouth/oral cavity

-taste

-mechanical breakdown

-chemical digestion by enzymes

what cranial nerve controls the tongue

hypoglossal nerve

which glands in the mucous membrane secrete small

amounts of saliva into the mouth

small buccal glands

Which stage of swallowing is involuntary?

food bolus from the oropharynx

passes through the laryngopharynx and enters the esophagus and

finally the stomach

esophagus is located posterior or anterior to the trachea

posterior

esophagus length and diameter

23-25cm, 2cm

how does the esophagus enter the peritoneal cavity

by passing through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

t or f  - the esophagus does not produce any digestive

enzymes and it does not absorb food

true

Food is pushed through the esophagus

to stomach by smooth muscle

contractions, called ___

peristalsis

The mucosa of the stomach has gastric glands that have 3 types of

secreting cells, what are they?

1. zymogenic/chief cells

2. parietal cells

3. mucous cells

3 major functions of stomach

1. Bulk storage of ingested food

2. Mechanical breakdown of ingested food

3. Chemical digestion of ingested food

• The end result is the production of chyme

12 feet long; controls the flow of

materials into the cecum of large

intestine (through the ileocecal

valve or sphincter

ilium

The mucosa of the small intestine has glands called __ __ __ which secrete digestive enzymes

Crypts of

Lieberkuhn

what % of absorption happens in small intestine

80

what are plicae

circular folds in the small intestine’s inner wall

when you digest fats, they don’t go directly to your circulation, where do they go first

lymphatic system (specifically a lacteal) this is because fats are too big to be absorbed into circulation right away

cecum

the pouchlike first part

colon

(3 parts - Ascending, Transverse, Descending). The

colon is the largest part of the large intestine

rectum

terminates at the anus

anus

anal canal

accessory organs of digestive system (3)

pancreas, liver, gallbladder

pancreas consists of (4)

• Head: nearest the curvature of the duodenum

• Body: main part

• Tail: rounded end of the pancreas nearest the spleen

• Pancreatic duct: delivers secretions from the pancreas to the

duodenum

what in the pancreas secretes hormones into circulation?

islets of langerhans

what cells secrete the 3 pancreatic enzymes

acinar cells

pancreatic lipase, amylase and proteases each digest what

lipids, carbs, proteins

functions of liver

1. produces proteins 

2. phagocytosis of bacteria and old RBC and WBC 

3. stores excess carbs, minerals and vitamins 

4. convert toxins to less harmful substances 

5. produce bile

3 regions of gallbladder

1. fundus

2. body

3. neck

bile enter duodenum after a meal through the __ __ __

common bile duct

ulcers are caused by 2 things:

1. excessive production of acid 

2. inadequate production of the alkaline mucus 

cirrhosis can be caused by

excessive alcohol consumption

microbiome what is it

refers to bacteria in our digestive tract, trillions in large intestine

two types of microbiome bactera

bacteroidetes, firmicutes

bacteroidetes

health benefits, eat our left overs

firmicutes

eat our left overs, bad for our health

function of accessory glands in reproductive system

secrete fluid into the reproductive tract 

how does the dartos muscle preserve heat

reduces scrotal surface area

what is the posterior part of the testis

efferent ductules

what travels along the ductus (vas) deferens, sperm or semen?

sperm

seminal vesicles are located ____ to the bladder

posterior

the prostate gland is located ____ to the bladder

inferior

clotting enzymes and fibrinolysin is involved in what accessory gland

prostate gland

what are the 2 erectile tissues

1. corpus cavernosum 

2. corpus spongiosum 

why does the acrosome break down the membrane of the ovum

allows the sperm to penetrate

functions of female reproductive system (3)

1. maintain fetus until it can survive it outside world

2. give birth

3. nourish baby by milk production after it’s born (lactation)

what is the site of menstruation and egg implantation

uterus

what is responsible for maintaining the fetus during development

uterus

muscular expandable tube that connects uterus to external environment

vagina

passageway for menstrual

vagina

thin mucous membrane that partially cover vagina

hymen

skin folds that surround vaginal and urethra openings

labia minor and labia majora

define oogenesis

in the female fetus (before birth), cells in the ovaries called oogonia divide by mitosis to produce primary oocytes

when does ovulation stop

at menopause

what are the 2 phases of the ovarian cycle

follicular and luteal phase

what happens in the follicular phase

development of the follicle

what are the 2 phases of the uterine cycle

follicular phase and luteal phase

in the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, after the follicle turns into the corpus luterum, what does it turn into?

corpus albicans

what are the 2 cells in the follicle that cause the release of estrogen in the follicular phase

granulosa and thecal cells 

___ causes the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle and the development and growth of the endometrial layer

estrogen

what happens in the luteal phase in terms of the follicle, estrogen and corpus luteum

The follicle is no longer around and producing

estrogen (so it decreases) and the corpus

luteum produces progesterone (so it increases)

after the first sperm reaches the ovum and it fertilizes with it, it is now called a

zygote

the ___ also acts as a endocrine organ that secretes essential pregnancy hormones

placenta

true or false - placenta also transports gases and nutrients from mother to baby and vise versa

true

what are some physical changes that take place within mother to meet demands of pregnancy

1. Respiratory activity increases by approximately 20%

2. Urinary output increases

3. Kidneys excrete additional wastes from fetus

4. Nutritional requirements increase

The initial vasodilation of the arteries and the relaxation of the smooth

muscle is under neural control from the ____ nervous system

autonomic

the equivalent to a male erection in females is also

neural control from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic

nervous systems. true or false

true

true or false - reflexogenic erection involves the brain

false

only one sperm will fertilize the egg, but many are needed to do what?

enzymatically break down the wall