4.2 Minerals - Bennett Earth Science

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Last updated 6:01 PM on 8/18/26
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32 Terms

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Mineral

Natural, non-living solid that has a definite chemical makeup and crystalline structure.

<p>Natural, non-living solid that has a definite chemical makeup and crystalline structure.</p>
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Naturally occurring

Not created by humans

<p>Not created by humans</p>
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Inorganic

Not living/never was alive

<p>Not living/never was alive</p>
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Regular crystalline structure

Atoms form a repeating pattern

<p>Atoms form a repeating pattern</p>
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Narrowly defined chemical formula

Chemical makeup is the same throughout the mineral.

<p>Chemical makeup is the same throughout the mineral.</p>
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Hardness

How easily that mineral can be scratched

<p>How easily that mineral can be scratched</p>
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Moh's scale

The hardness scale used to identify minerals; 1 is the softest; 10 is the hardest

<p>The hardness scale used to identify minerals; 1 is the softest; 10 is the hardest</p>
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Cleavage

The tendency of a mineral to split easily

<p>The tendency of a mineral to split easily</p>
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Fracture

Rough, jagged edges when split; lack of cleavage

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Luster

The way light reflects off a mineral

<p>The way light reflects off a mineral</p>
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Non-metallic luster

Mineral that is dull or glassy

<p>Mineral that is dull or glassy</p>
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Metallic luster

Mineral that shines like a metal.

<p>Mineral that shines like a metal.</p>
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Streak

The true color of a mineral, found by scratching the crystal against a porcelain plate, producing a powder.

<p>The true color of a mineral, found by scratching the crystal against a porcelain plate, producing a powder.</p>
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Crystal form

The shape of a crystal as it grows (not as it breaks.)

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Silicon and oxygen

Most common elements in the Earth's crust

<p>Most common elements in the Earth's crust</p>
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Quartz

Very common rock-forming mineral; very hard; used to make glass; SiO2

<p>Very common rock-forming mineral; very hard; used to make glass; SiO2</p>
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Feldspar

Common mineral found in granite; white or pink; makes up much of Earth's crust

<p>Common mineral found in granite; white or pink; makes up much of Earth's crust</p>
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Mica

Mineral with one plane of cleavage; splits into flexible sheets; examples: biotite and muscovite.

<p>Mineral with one plane of cleavage; splits into flexible sheets; examples: biotite and muscovite.</p>
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Calcite

Mineral found in limestone and marble; will fizz in acid; CaCO3

<p>Mineral found in limestone and marble; will fizz in acid; CaCO3</p>
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Diamond

Hardest mineral; used for cutting tools and jewelry; made of pure carbon.

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Halite

Mineral name of table salt; NaCl.

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Galena

Metallic mineral with silver cubic crystals; ore of lead.

<p>Metallic mineral with silver cubic crystals; ore of lead.</p>
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Talc

Softest mineral; used for various powders.

<p>Softest mineral; used for various powders.</p>
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Pyrite

Shiny gold mineral but with different properties than gold; known as 'fools gold.'

<p>Shiny gold mineral but with different properties than gold; known as 'fools gold.'</p>
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Magnetite

Important ore of iron; metallic luster; magnetic.

<p>Important ore of iron; metallic luster; magnetic.</p>
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Hematite

Important ore of iron; can be metallic or reddish brown but always has a reddish-brown streak.

<p>Important ore of iron; can be metallic or reddish brown but always has a reddish-brown streak.</p>
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Sulfur

This mineral (and element) is bright yellow; used in fertilizers and pesticides.

<p>This mineral (and element) is bright yellow; used in fertilizers and pesticides.</p>
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Graphite

Soft metallic mineral used in pencils; made of pure carbon.

<p>Soft metallic mineral used in pencils; made of pure carbon.</p>
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Alloy

A mixture of two or more metals

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Ore

a naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be profitably extracted.

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Silicates

rocks made of compounds of silicon and oxygen

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Gold

soft, yellow shiny mineral used in computers and jewelry