Comprehensive Psychology and Psychoanalysis: Key Theories and Figures

What must one do to become self-actualized?

First satisfy needs that stand lower in an innate hierarchy.

In what area(s) did Freud do his early research?

Biology and physiology.

Who did Freud say originated psychoanalysis?

Joseph Breuer.

What was Freud's overriding goal in developing his system?

He was not interested in curing people but in explaining the dynamics of human behavior.

How did Freud die?

Overdose of morphine.

Who first argued for humane treatment of the mentally ill?

Juan Luis Vives.

How did research on subliminal perception relate to Freud's theory of the unconscious?

It supports Freud's idea that unconscious processes significantly affect behavior.

On what grounds did Freud criticize Adler's system?

He said Adler's system was too simple and could be mastered in weeks, while psychoanalysis took two years.

What did Jung mean by 'complexes'?

Experiences in the personal unconscious; a smaller personality within the total personality.

What are Archetypes?

Inherited tendencies within the collective unconscious that dispose a person to behave similarly to ancestors.

What is the Personal Unconscious?

Contains memories, impulses, wishes, and experiences that have been suppressed or forgotten.

What is the Collective Unconscious?

Contains cumulated experiences of all previous generations, unknown to the individual.

What is a Persona?

A mask people wear when coming into contact with others.

What is Dream Analysis?

A psychotherapeutic technique involving the interpretation of dreams to uncover unconscious conflicts.

Why did Maslow renounce behaviorism?

He believed it was too limited to be relevant to enduring issues.

Who first discussed the concept of infantile sexuality?

Freud.

What was Freud's method for his investigative approach?

Relied on free association, dream analysis, and case histories.

How were Freud's and Jung's theories alike?

Both were autobiographical and relied on their personal unconscious experiences.

What was the dominant view as to the cause of mental illness when Freud began his medical training?

Somatic or physical causes.

Who did Freud want to replace him as head of the psychoanalytic school?

Carl Jung.

Who was Karen Horney?

An early feminist and neo-Freudian psychoanalyst who supported women's rights.

What was Adler's theory?

Individual psychology; personality incorporates social as well as biological factors.

What are inferiority feelings according to Adler?

A major motivating force in behavior, experienced by all, leading to improvement.

Who was the first psychiatrist to open a formal practice in the U.S.?

Benjamin Rush.

What do 'Triebs' refer to in Freud's system?

Human motivating forces like impulse or driving force.

What are the three great shocks to the collective human ego according to Freud?

Copernicus: Earth is not the center of the universe, Darwin: the theory of evolution, and Freud's influence of unconscious forces.

What do Object Relations theorists see as the main influences on personality?

Interpersonal relationships, especially in childhood.

How might Carl Rogers' approach be described?

Humanistic; developed person-centered therapy.

What does research on happy people tell us?

Happiness leads to behaviors that can result in success. Defined by strong social relationships, sense of control, self esteem and positive

personality traits

What sort of recollections did Anna O. reveal while under hypnosis?

Disturbing, traumatic incidents.

What is repression?

Denying the existence of something that causes anxiety.

What is rationalization?

Reinterpreting behavior to make it more acceptable.

What is projection?

Attributing a disturbing impulse to someone else.

What is regression?

Retreating to an earlier, less frustrating period of life.

What was a major influence of the humanistic movement on psychology?

Emphasis on human strengths and positive aspirations. This influence moved them well away from behaviorism.

What did Maslow mean by Hierarchy of Needs?

A model of human motivation from physiological needs to self-actualization.

Who originated the field of cognitive psychology?

E.C. Tolman and Jean Piaget.

Which book is considered the beginning of psychoanalysis?

Studies on Hysteria.

What kind of work were Charcot and Janet engaged in prior to Freud's work?

Treating hysteria by hypnosis.

What did Klein believe about initial social interactions between mother and child?

Child needs to break free from the mother to establish individuality.

What is the point of Searle's Chinese Room Problem?

A computer and a person operate according to programmed rules without understanding.

Who developed the first 'thinking machine' used for calculations?

Charles Babbage and Henry Hollerith.

What is the difference between conditional and unconditional positive regard?

Conditional regard is based on behavior; unconditional regard is given regardless of behavior.

Who was Garry Kasparov?

World champion chess player who was beaten by a computer named Deep Blue.

What is the idea behind sociobiology?

Genetic influences may be more important than cultural ones.

Why was Structural Psychology a success?

It helped establish psychology as an independent scientific discipline.

Who most strongly influenced humane reforms for the mentally ill in the U.S.?

Dorthea Dix.

Who introduced the concept of Play Therapy?

Anna Freud.

What is Neisser's definition of cognition?

Processes by which sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used.

How did Dream Analysis relate to Jung himself?

Jung followed his unconscious impulses as revealed in dreams and fantasies

Who first discussed the following concept: Libido

Freud

Who first discussed the following concept: Catharsis

Joseph Breuer

Who first discussed the following concept: Importance of dreams

Freud

What biographical information was Karen Horney's system reflective of?

Her childhood

What were the various concepts for Adler's theory?

Social interest, inferiority complex, superiority

What did Adler believe behavior was primarily determined by?

Behavior was primarily determined largely by social forces, not biological

instincts

Id

Unconscious, psychic energy that operates on pleasure

Ego

Mediator between the id and the realities of the external world to facilitate

their interaction

Superego

Moral aspect of personality derived from internalizing parental and

societal values and standards

How were the criticisms of evolutionary psychology related to free will, answered?

Humans are still free to choose

What did Maslow mean by Social Interest?

Flavor of human feelings for mankind expressed by

self-actualizing subjects & social nature of personality

Consequence of conditional positive regard

Child's self is not allowed to develop

fully

What assumption did sociobiology challenge?

Challenged the

assumption that everyone is created equal and environmental and social forces

alone can improve human development.