Neuroscience Exam 1
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343 Terms
Neuroscience
Study of the neurosystem
Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of
Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of
Nerves outside the CNS
Behavioral Neuroscience (Biological Psychology)
Focuses on the biological bases of psychological processes and behavior
The main goal of behavioral neuroscience
understand the NS structures and functions that respond to experiences and generate behavior
Behavioral Neuroscience includes what levels
Molecular, Cellular, Systems, Behavioral, Cognitive
Behavior
Overt motor functions and Internal cgnitive functions
All behaviors involve activity from where
the cellular to systems level
The mind-brain problem
rooted in how one defines the mind and its relationship with the body
The mind brain problem asks how what relates
non-physical thought and feelings to our physical body
Who had a Dualistic view on the Mind and brain?
Plato
Who had a Monistic view on the mind and brain?
Aristotle
Plato believed that
The.mind and body are separate entities
Aristotle believed that
The mind is the product of the brain
Who believed that the heart was the seat of mental capacities?
Aristotle
Who believed that the brain was a cooling system for the blood?
Aristotle
Who believed that the brain is the seat of thoughts and emotions (like hippocrates)?
Aristotle
Who studied the head injuries of gladiators?
Galen
Who believed that behavior results from animal spirits traveling from the brain through nerves in the body?
Galen
Who pioneered anatomical drawings?
Da Vinvi
What describes Da Vinci’s early neuroanatomical illustrations of nerves and brain structures?
Not accurate
Descartes was considered a
Dualist
Who described the control of behavior in terms of the hydraulic model?
Descartes
Who said that animal spirits were pumped through hollow tubes (nerves) to move muscles?
Descartes
Who believes that the pineal gland was the “seat of the soul” and pumped animal spirits to the brain?
Descartes
Who proposed a potential neural pathway for spinal reflexes?
Descartes
Who lacked observations to support his theories but were later proven to be true by other scientists?
Descartes
In what century did new phrenology (localization of function) emerge?
19th century
The localization of function showed that damaged brain regions caused
predictable impairments
Paul Broca discovered what?
left side of the brain controls speech production
What would result from a defect or injurt to Broca’s area?
Broca’s aphasia
Who discovered the first nerve cell?
Purkinje
Who invented a cell-staining technique that allowed for the visualization of nerve cells?
Golgi
Who proposed Recticular Theory?
Golgi
Reticular Theory
Brain and NS for one continuous, uninterrupted physical network
Who is deemed as the father of modern neuroscience?
Cajal
Who made detailed drawings of many types of nerve cells using golgi staining?
Cajal
Who shared the Nobel Prize in 1906?
Cajal and Golgi
Who proved that the brain is made of separate individual cells called neurons?
Cajal
Who proposed the neuron doctrine?
Cajal
Neuron doctrine
individual neurons are the basic structural, functional, and developmental unit of the nervous system.
Who proved muscle contraction?
Galvani
Muscle contraction is caused by
electricity that causes a functional change
Who recorded the first action potential?
Bernstein
Action potential
electrical time course of a nerve impulse along a nerve fiber
Who explained the exact ion movements and voltage changes of an action potential?
Hodgkin and Huxley
Who established how neurons generate and transmit electrical signals?
Hodgkin and Huxley
Who coined the word “synapse”?
Sherrington
Synapse
connection between two neurons
Who showed how nerve impulses pass through the nervous system?
Sherrington
Who proved that neurons communicate using chemical messengers?
Dale and Loewi
Who searched for the physical location of long-term memory in the brain but did not find it?
Lashley
Who established that memory trace is not specific to one region.
Lashley
Who made the principle of mass action?
Lashley
Principle of Mass Action
Memory is distributed across the brain and not confined to one region
What determines how learning and memory are impaired
The proportion of damage
Who described how neuronal connections strengthen as a consequence of experience?
Hebb
Hebbian synapse
plastic neuronal connections that change in strength through use
Neurons that fire together _____ together
wire
Who proved engrams?
Tonegawa
Engram
specific memories are physical traces
Who mapped and reactivated memory circuits to trigger recall of specific memories
Tonegawa
What are the 3 types of studies that are used to test hypotheses for the biological bases of behavior?
Somatic, Behavioral, Correlational
What intervention experimentally manipulates the body (ind. variable) may cause changes in behavior (dep. variable)
Somatic
What intervention experimentally manipulates behavior (ind. variable) and may cause changes in the body/brain (dep. variable)
Behavioral
What study determines how closely related the body and behavior measures covary?
Correlational
What study may show an association, but cannot prove causality?
Correlational
Negative Correlation
one value goes up and the other goes down (inverse)
Positive Correlation
both values increase or decrease together
What nervous system functions as the command center?
CNS
What nervous system recieves, transmits, and processes information from the body?
CNS
What nervous system controls higher brain functions like learning, emotions, and decision making?
CNS
What nervous system contains somatic and autonomic divisions?
PNS
The somatic nervous system controls what functions?
Voluntary
The autonomic nervous system controls what functions?
Involuntary
The autonomic nervous system is divided into what systems?
parasympathetic and sympathetic
What nervous system in the PNS would control skeletal muscles (movement)?
Somatic
What nervous system in the PNS would control of internal organs, smooth muscles, and glands?
Autonomic
What nervous system in the PNS would control heart rate, respiratory rate, and digestion?
Autonomic
What are the basic unit of the nervous system?
Cells
What cells are found in the nervous system?
Neurons and Glial Cells
Appx how many neurons are in the human brain?
86 billion
What cell in the brain generates and propagates electrical and chemical signals?
Neurons
What cell in the brain processes and communicates information?
Neurons
What cell in the brain cannot divide?
Neurons
What cell in the brain can divide and proliferate?
Glial
What cell in the brain provides structure and support for neurons?
Glial
What cell in the brain provides immune support?
Glial
What cell in the brain helps modulate neuron function?
Glial
What glial cells are found in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal
What glial cells are found in the PNS?
Satellite and Schwann
Which area of the neuron receives signal input?
Dendrite
Which area of the neuron integrates signals?
Soma
Which area of the neuron conducts the signal?
Axon
Which area of the neuron gives the signal output?
Terminals
What area of the neuron is extensively branched?
Dendrites
What area of the neuron contains spines?
Dendrites
Spines are the site of
synapses
What area of the neuron converts chemical signals into electrical signals?
Dendrites
What area of the neuron has a round, ocal, triangular, or pyramidal shape?
Soma