apush period 4

President Jefferson: 1801-1809

• Maintained Washington's policy of non-entangling alliances

• Surprisingly also kept most of Hamilton’s financial plan intact (i.e. National Bank)

• As president, he was more moderate in policy than he was as secretary of state (less of a revolutionary)

• Reduced National debt (through land sales) and oversaw strong economic growth

The Louisiana Purchase (1803)

• In 1800, Napoleon forced Spain to cede the Louisiana region to France

• Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to negotiate for the territory

• Napoleon wanted to sell territory to pay for his European conquests and protect French holdings overseas

• Entire Louisiana Territory was purchased for $15 million (about 3 cents an acre)

• Doubled the size of the U.S.

• Sent Lewis and Clark out to explore Louisiana Territory

• Paved the way for further Westward expansion. Jefferson also hoped to find the ‘Northwest Passage” to the Pacific Ocean (also wanted to find Dinosaurs)

War of 1812 causes

• British impressment of American soldiers

• Part of the larger Napoleonic wars

• U.S. desire for more land

‘War Hawks’

• sought territorial expansion into British Canada and Spanish Florida

War of 1812 effects

• Over 6,000 Americans killed

• Near disaster

• Parts of Washington D.C. were burned

• War ended in a stalemate

• National Anthem developed

The Monroe Doctrine (1823)

• Ironically written by John Quincy Adams (↓)

• Warned European Imperial Powers not to try to hang onto their colonies in the Western Hemisphere by force

• Left the door open for potential U.S. involvement in the Western Hemisphere (for security and trade related issues)

• Newly independent Latin American countries saw U.S. merely protecting its own interests

• Newly independent countries looked up the United States’ government as a model or example

The Monroe Doctrine long-term impact

Monroe Doctrine became cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy during last half of 19th century and early 20th century

• John Quincy Adams

• One of the most influential secretaries of state in U.S. history

• Oversaw Convention of 1818, establishing the U.S.-Canadian border

• Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819: acquisition of Florida from Spain

• Rise of ‘New Democracy’

By the 1820s, politicians increasingly had to appeal to the masses

Rise of ‘New Democracy’ causes

• Increase in population

• Westward expansion

• Most high offices still were held by wealthy citizens

• Change in emphasis:

• Jeffersonian Democracy: government for the people

• Jacksonian Democracy: government by the people

What was the New Democracy based on?

• universal white male suffrage—rather than property qualification, the ‘common man’ now had more influence

• Largely was fueled by new cheap land out west and the panic in 1819 (mini-depression due to a crash in land prices)

• Voter participation (white male) rose from 25% in 1824 to 78% in 1840

• ‘New’ Politics

• By 1828, new styles of campaigning developed: banners, badges, parades, barbecues, free drinks, baby kissing, etc--politicians had to appeal to the masses, also through public speaking

• Members of the Electoral College were increasingly chosen directly by the people rather than by state legislatures

  • 18 of 24 states in the 1824 election used the popular vote to select electors

  • This led to today’s system

Election of 1828 (very critical)

• Intense feuding between both candidates

  • National Republicans supported John Quincy Adams

  • Democrats supported Andrew Jackson

• Jackson was first president from the West; seen as a great voice of the common man

  • Ironically, he owned one of the largest plantations in the West and owned many slaves

  • Jackson’s support came from the West, South, and laborers on the East coast

Who won the election of 1828?

Jackson defeated Adams 178 electoral votes to 83

Why was the election of 1828 so critical?

Transformed US politics to a system with broader voter participation, organized the 2 party system

Jackson’s Presidency--Transformative + Controversial—why?

Jackson ran as an outsider, against the elite families (eg Adams) as a democrat (party of the common man)

The Nullification Crisis of 1832

• In 1828, tariffs on exports were passed during the presidency of John Quincy Adams and enacted during Jackson’s presidency, as means to better stabilize the U.S. economy

• Labeled the ‘Tariff of Abominations’ by its Southern detractors, as they associated with the stagnation of the Southern economy (in reality, cotton farming had devastated Southern soil, weakening the economy)

  • Set a 38% tax on some imported goods and a 45% tax on certain imported raw materials

• South Carolina leaders openly began speaking of seceding from the union--NOT in favor of tariffs

• John C. Calhoun, then Jackson’s vice president and South Carolinian, argued that the states had the ultimate authority in determining the constitutionality of federal laws

• In 1832, South Carolina held the state convention, where the delegates voted to nullify the tariffs (i.e. refuse to continue to pay them). Jackson responded by sending a warship to Charleston

Henry Clay (leader of the house) was able to create a compromise, in which the tariffs were gradually reduced over time

The Nullification Crisis of 1832 legacy

Strengthened the power of the Presidency; further pushed Southern leaders to distrust the Federal Government

Jackson Ends the (Second) National Bank

• The National Bank had the ability to monitor the overall strength of other banks in the U.S. and issue currency/debt (Big Brother bank)

• Jackson hated the National Bank and saw it was a direct overreach of federal powers and elitists. Also many of his close friends and allies believed they would benefit financially from the absence of the bank

• Since it was more complicated than he thought to dismantle the bank completely, through political maneuvering, Jackson managed to ensure the Bank’s charter would not be renewed

• The lack of the bank created massive economic instability and contributed to the Panic of 1837

• Whigs portrayed Jackson as a tyrant in political cartoons

The Indian Removal Act of 1830

• Native American tribes East of the Mississippi river faced growing pressure from growing numbers of white settlers seeking land

Congress, with the support of Andrew Jackson, sought to open tribal lands of the Seminole, Muscogee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Cherokee nations (i.e. the 5 ‘civilized tribes” in the Southwest U.S.

Trail of Tears (1830-1840)

• With few other options to stop Congress, Native American leaders turned to the Supreme Court

• Chief Justice John Marshall authored the opinion in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia that the 5 tribes could not be unilaterally moved by the Federal Government

• Andrew Jackson famously refused to uphold the Supreme Court ruling

Tribes were forced to relocate to Oklahoma. Approx. 15,000 died in the process, in what became known as the infamous Trail of Tears

How did Jackson impact the economy?

The country did see an economic boom in the mid 1830s. However, Jackson’s land sale policies are largely viewed as leading to the Panic of 1837 (major economic depression)

what types of work did free blacks in the south participate in?

they were carpenters, blacksmiths, barbers, butchers, and shopkeepers

what dangers did free blacks face?

faced a lack of jury trials when accused of crime, being forced back into slavery, and kidnappings

how did the abolitionist movement gain supporters and followers in the 1830s and 40s?

formed groups: American Anti-Slavery Society campaigned against slavery by printing pamphlets and literature

how did northerners react violently to the abolitionist movement?

some northerners were alarmed with the AASS, fearing black people would take their jobs

in response, mobs began to form, famously in Cincinnati, where over a thousand black people were driven from the city, and also in Illinois, when white people shot and killed abolitionist Elijah P. Lovejoy

how did congress keep the topic of slavery out of discussion and debate?

leaders in the house of representatives adopted a new “gag rule” that automatically tabled abolitionist petitions, leading congress to ignore the issue of slavery

how did expanding education opportunities change the lives of women in the mid 1800s?

expanding education opportunities gave women a chance to experience something other than the norms of marriage. it was made clear that domesticity was a fragile idea, which led women to develop new perspectives

how was the seneca falls convention significant?

the convention declared that women and men are created equally; called for women’s higher education, rights to divorce, property rights, and an end to the sexual double standard

what did marbury v. madison do for the supreme court?

led to the supreme court gaining the power of judicial review (gave court power to review legislation and interpret the constitution)

was was the louisiana purchase such a contentious political issue?

some people believed that westward expansion would hurt their region and the federalist party, and thought about leaving the union

why did federalists oppose the war?

they didn’t believe sea commerce/mariners would be benefitted since decisions were made too hastily

how was the war of 1812 devastating for the us?

due to the british naval blockade, trade was disrupted; also, us army was small and poorly trained

why was the marshall court intent on protecting property rights and national supremacy in banking/commerce?

to uphold federalist nations and show them that popular sovereignity would not result in tyranny

what happened at the end of the era of good feelings?

republican party split between the national faction (clay + adams) and the jeffersonian faction (martin van buren, andrew jackson)

what was the second party systen?

system in which national-minded whigs and state-focused democrats would confront each other

what was the second great awakening?

protestant revival in 1790s-1840s, characterized by emotional preaching, mass revival meetings, renewed emphasis on personal salvation and individual responsibility

effects of the second great awakening

development of the abolitonist movement, women’s rights movement, increased religious participation, and new religious movements

what caused the second great awakening?

westward expansion, market revolution, percieved religious decline

market revolution

period of significant change in the us where people shifted from self-sufficient farming to producing goods for a national and international cash market

telegraph

samuel morse; enabled quick long-distance communication, especially in military

cotton gin

eli whitney; expanded cotton production and economy; assisted slavery expansion and caused southward migration

lowell factory system

girls were sent to work on farms in the country; they were sheltered and paid, often working 80 hour weeks; assisted independence for women

judicial review

power of courts to declare laws or actions by executive and legislative brances unconstitutional

new democracy

began the 2 party system: democrats vs. national republicans

lowell system

early industrial model where young girl were used to work on farms in a regimented lifestyle, working long hours, living in company housing

lowell system effects

furthered the market revolution and american economy by allowing more work to be carried out; also allowed women to become more independent

causes of universal white male suffrage

growing power of the common man

economic conditions made land ownership less relevant

desire of politicians to expand voter base

effects of universal white male suffrage

increased voter participation

development of a more partisan political system

louisiana purchase

doubled the size of the us, $15 million, established access to the mississippi river and new orleans for trade; also assisted westward expansion by sending Lewis and Clark to explore

missouri compromise

admitted missouri to the union as a slave state and maine as a free state, for balance; banned slavery in louisiana territory north of missouri, but this was repealed in 1854, allowing settlers in new territories to decide slavery laws on their own

effects of the trail of tears

immense loss of native life

land cleared to further westward expansion

indian removal act of 1830

congress sought to expand into native territory

supreme court deemed expansion unconstitutional

Jackson proceeded with expansion anyway, leading to the trail of tears +loss of native life

nat turner’s rebellion

nat turner and over 50 followers went from house to house, killing white people

turner believed he was divinely inspired and aimed to start a larger uprising to achieve freedom

rebellion was suppressed within 48 hours by local militia, but turner evaded capture for weeks before getting caught, tried, then executed

nat turner’s rebellion effects

deadliest slave rebellion in US history, killing about 55 white people

created widespread panic in slave owners, leading to harsher slave codes and laws

seneca falls convention

convention consisting of men and women; declared that men and women were equal and called for women’s higher education, property rights, opportunity to divorce and an end to the sexual double standard

first meeting of its kind; intensely radical for its time

nullification crisis

john quincy adams published tariffs enacted during jackson’s presidency; southerners associated tariffs w/ the downfall of their economy (unrelated) and began to discuss seceding from the union; instead decided not to pay tariffs, but were met with jackson’s warship. henry clay created a compromise where tariffs were reduced over time

nullification crisis effects

strengthened presidential power; further pushed southern leaders to distrust federal government

effects of 1828 election

formation of democratic party, rise of whigs

whigs

opposed government’s expansion of power

market revolution economic impacts

shifted economy to focus on market + goods, introduced new transportation and influenced people to chase cotton money in the south through things like thr cotton gin + rise of slavery

market revolution social impacts

created a new social hierarchy putting rich southern plantation owners higher than others

antebellum

pre-civil war

social characteristics of antebellum south

built on slavery/hierarchy surrounding plantation ownership, which divided the rich and poor

political characteristics of antebellum south

strong emphasis on state rights, dominance of democratic party, entrenchment of pro-slavery ideology

how did black people resist slavery

subtly: breaking tools, feigning illness, slowing work

violent: rebellions, such as Nat Turner’s

reasons for support of the abolitionist movement

american anti-slavery society publications drew people to feel discomfort around slavery; the second great awakening also led people to question the morality of slavery

frederick douglass

former slave who became a prominent abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman who fought for the freedom of african americans

believed the constitution was a tool for abolition that supported political action, voting, and alliances

what institution did jackson dismantle that led to the panic of 1837?

jackson opposed and eventually dismantled the second national bank

underground railroad

secret network where abolitionist '“conductors” worked to free as many slaves as possible

network of abolitionists

used coded languages and safe houses

diverse (including slaves/free people, black people, white people)

very risky for those involved

when was the nullification crisis

1832

when did the second great awakening begin

1790s

results of the second great awakening

increase in church membership, rise of new denominations, rise in abolition and women’s rights movements

when was nat turner’s rebellion

1831

when did the market revolution begin and end

1790s-1850s

when was the missouri compromise

1820

true or false: the market revolution and second great awakening happened near the same time

true