Networking G-metrix

What is the faster wireless network according to G-Metrix? What is the fastest today?

G-Metrix: 5G (best to go with what G-Metrix says due to it possibly being in the exam. Today: 6G

What are the ranges of private IP addresses, and what are their classes?

Class A: 10.

Class B: 172.16 - 172.31

Class C: 192.168

What is DHCP?

A server that gives out IP addresses to devices.

What is the IP address used to test a network card?

127.0.0.1

APIPA Stands for what? What is the IP Address associated with it?

Automatic Private IP Addressing; 169.254

VLANs are physical or logical networks?

Logical

What is the formula for the mesh topology to find the number of connections?

n*(n-1)/2

DSL has shared bandwidth, and Cable modems are dedicated lines?

TRUE or FALSE

FALSE: DSL are dedicated lines, and cable modems have shared bandwidth (making slower during peak usage hours!)

What are the two types of Integrated Service Digital Network?

- Basic Rate Interface (BRI) using "2" 64 kbps channels.

- Primary Rate Interface (PRI) uses "23" 64 kbps channels.

What are the 3 IPsec protocols, and what do they do?

- Security Association: Generates authentication, and encryption keys for IPsec.

- Authentication Header: Provides authentication and integrity of data.

- Encapsulated Security Protocol: Provides authentication, encryption, and integrity of data.

What are 3 types of data transmissions?

- Unicast: From one device to another.

- Broastcast: From a device to others in the same network.

- Multicast: From a device to select groups.

Where should the wireless access point be positioned for optimal functionality?

Placed in the center, and above ground. Avoid placement by objects that can cause an interference such as microwaves, elevator shafts, and water tanks.

PRI runs on what circuit line?

T1

What is the order of leased lines from slowest to fastest?

T1, E1, E3, T3

SDSL stands for...?

Synchronous Digital Subscriber Line

What is a con of satellite internet ? Why?

Latency, because data has to travel about 20,000 miles to reach its destination.

What is the weakest network security? Why?

The weakest is WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy), because it has been hacked before.

What is the strongest and most secure form of network security? What is the 2nd strongest?

WPA2, WPA

What is the difference between Infrastructure Wireless Network and Wireless Ad Hoc Network(WANET) (P2P)?

- Infrastructure Wireless Network is basically client/server where the clients connect with each other through a WAN. There are more than one access point in the central point of the network.

- WANET is basically a peer-to-peer network where 2 devices wirelessly connect directly to each other.

What is the SSID, and what does it stand for?

SSID is the name of the network. Service Set Identifier

Wireless Bridging...

- Used to connect 2 wired segments of a network.

- Used to boost the signal.

802.11x is...

a port based network access control.

What are leased lines?

Dedicated lines.

Topology can be both physical and logical. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

What is REMOTE DESKTOP?

A type of VPN that allows you to connect to and take over the device. Only the user can do anything, and no one can see what you are doing.

What is REMOTE ASSISTANCE?

A type of VPN that allows you to see what others are doing when connected to a VM.

What are hypervisors?

Tool that manages physical resources for virtual machines.

What are the 3 types of Virtual Switches? What do they do?

External, Internal, and Private; External allows VM access to the Host PC only, Internal allows VM access to other VMs and the Host PC, and the Private allows VM access to other VMs only.

What are the 2 types of LANs?

- Wired LANs and Wireless LANs.

- Wired LANs use Ethernet cables to connect to switches; and switches use Ethernet cable to routers.

- Wireless LANs use Wireless Access Points/or Wireless Router to connect the devices.

Dial-Up Lines are...

- Extremely slow

- Top advertised speed is 56 kbps, but in reality you'll probably get 38 kbps.

What is the difference between LANs and WANs?

LANs connect devices within a limited area, like an office or home, while WANs connect devices across larger areas, potentially spanning multiple cities or countries. 

What is DSL, and what does it stand for?

A dedicated phone line from the origin to a telco office. Digital Subscriber Line.

What port number is Telnet?

Port 23

What port number is SSH?

Port 22

What port number(s) is FTP on?

Port 20, 21

What are the 5 categories of twisted pair cables and what are their speeds?

CAT3 (10 Mbps), CAT5 (100 Mbps), CAT5e (Fast and Gigabit ethernet), CAT6 (10 Gbps but only carries to 55meters) , CAT6a (10 Gbps but to the full 100 meters in a twisted pair cable.)

What category of twisted pair cables use both fast and gigabit ethernet?

CAT5e

What are the layers on the OSI model, and what is a way to remember them?

APPLICATION

PRESENTATION

SESSION

TRANSPORT

NETWORK

DATA-LINK

PHYSICAL

All people seem to need data processors.

What layers does the TCP model share with the OSI model?

APPLICATION

TRANSPORT

NETWORK

DATA-LINK

Remember for the exam, the APPLICATION layer on the TCP model goes with the top three layers of the OSI model and that DATA-LINK goes with the bottom two layers of the OSI model.

OK!!

What is the range of IP addresses in Class A?

1 - 126

What does the IP address 127.0.0.1 indicate?

The local loopback address

What is the range of IP addresses in Class B

128 - 191

What is the range of IP addresses in Class C?

192 - 223

What is the IPv6 loop back address?

0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or ::1

What is IPv6 Tunneling?

IPv6 tunneling is when a router or host encapsulates the IPv6 packet inside an IPv4 packet.

ex:

- 6 to 4: Route IPv4 addresses to IPv6 gateways.

- ISATAP: Transmits IPv6 packets between Dual Stack nodes on IPv4 network

- Teredo: Provides IPv6 connectivity on IPv4

What is Dual Stack?

Uses both IPv4 and IPv6 at the same time on an OS/device.

What are MAC addresses, and what is it used for?

A MAC address is a hardware address burned into every device. It's used to identify all devices connected to the network.

What is a network switch, and what does it do?

A switch that learns the MAC addresses if each device connected to it. It uses a MAC address table to direct traffic within a network.

What is the difference between managed and unmanaged switches?

FOR EXAM

Managed switched can be configured, unmanaged switched can't, they are just plug and play.

What protocol does a VPN use?

IPsec (Internet Protocol Security)

Medium Dependent Interface (MDI) is the sames as...

Uplink ports

What are uplink ports?

Ports that connect switches, and are usually faster than other ports, and designed to handle straight through and crossover cables.

What are trunk lines?

Transmission links that connect physical switches to one another in a VLAN environment.

What are crossover cables?

Used to connect switches

What are straight-through cables?

Used to connects switches using uplink ports.

What is another name for layer 3 switches.

Multilayer Switch

What are the capabilities of a layer 3 switch.

Layer 3 switches have router capacities, meaning they can route traffic through network, and also use IP addresses to route traffic. Original switch can't.

Layer 2 switches has a MAC address and other switches can learn of this address and send traffic to this device. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

What is the difference between layer 2 and 3 switches?

Layer 2 switches send traffic via MAC addresses and Layer 3 switches route traffic through networks (original switches can't)

Switches use MAC ADDRESS TABLES to learn the MAC addresses of any and all the devices connected to the switch. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

Hardware redundancy helps with ____________________________ which is....

Load Balancing... having multiple devices share a workload, increasing productivity. It also supports each other when one fails.

Backplane Speed is...

the total THROUGHPUT a switch is capable of at a given time.

ex:

48 ports

100 Mbps per port

100 Mbps * 48 ports = 4.8 Gbps as a total backplane speed.

What are the two methods switches use to send data?

Store-and-Forward and Cut-Through

What is the Store-and-Forward method?

This method is an older one, it receives data, checks for error and forward frames. It's reliable but slow because it checks each data one by one then when all of them are checked, they send the whole thing.

What is the Cut-Forward method?

This method only needs the MAC address destination and sends it, it's fast but unreliable because they don't check for errors.

Describe hubs

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What are the three types of virtual switches?

- External: VM access to external networks (internet).

- Internal: Allows connectivity to physical switches.

- Private: Isolates VM to any other networks.

What is STP? What does it stand for?

To prevent looping physical and non-physical,

STP used ... to search, find, and destroy redundant links

STA (Spanning Tree Algorithm)

Routers can transmit data as fast as their top speeds regardless of the media connected to them can support. TRUE or FALSE

FALSE

When you tracert and only receive one hop what does that indicate?

That is a directed connected route.

If you use the tracert command and receive multiple hops back then that means that is a direct route from one router to another. TRUE or FALSE

FALSE

the command "route add" will add a static route that can reach a certain destination. TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

What does RIP stand for and what is it?

Routing Information Protocol that only uses hop counts to determine the best route.

What does OSPF stand for and what is it.

Link state protocol that uses multiple factors to determine the best route which includes hops and speed.

Hop count is...

the number of routers from a source to a destination.

What is another way to determine the best route for sending data?

Metric number, the lower the metric number the better the route.

Port Forwarding

A way one can use a specific part as a means to connect to a specific device without a network.

Network Segmentation is...

Breaking a network into smaller parts.

What are the pros and cons of WANET (Wireless Ad Hoc Network) and WINET (Wireless Infrastructure Network)

WANET or P2P lacks the security, encryption and WAP (wireless access point), however it makes up for it in speed. The WINET has security, encryption, WAP, and it is easier to setup, however is slow due to all the devices connected to it.

What is wireless bridging?

Generally used to connect two wired segments of a network. Serves as a repeater and a signal booster.

What protocol do dynamic routing use?

TCP/IP

What is the difference between twisted pair cables and fiber optic cables.

TPC have a speed of 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps and has a distance of 100 meters (328 ft). FOC has a speed of 100 Mbps to 10 Gbps and a distance of 70km (7000 meters). They are also expensive and don't bend easily.

What are the two types of fiber optic cables, and what are their capabilities?

Single Mode FOC and Multimode.

Single Mode FOC transmits 1 ray of light over a long distance, and the multimode FOC can transmit multiple rays of light for over 600 meters.

What are the differences between UTP and STP cables?

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What are the interferences of wired networks?

- Nearby power cables

- Fluorescent lights

- EMI

- Crosstalk

What are the interferences of wireless networks?

- Heavy machinery

- Walls

- Anything that runs on the 2.4 GHz frequency (microwaves, ovens, cordless phones).

What are three well known ports?

HTTP

FTP

DNS

Data is broken down to segments, packets, then frames, and bits. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

What are the three categories of ports?

0 - 1023 are well known ports, 1024 - 49151 are registered ports, and 49152 - 65535 are dynamic/or private ports.

IPv4 addresses are 32 binary numbers and IPv6 are 128 bits (binary numbers). TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

Define subnetting

Breaking up physical networks into logical subnetworks.

What are the differences of IMAP, SMTP, and POP3?

Internet Message Protocol (IMAP) is for incoming mail, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is for outgoing mail, and Post Office Protocol (POP3) downloads email off server and onto client device.

WHat is RDP

Remote Desktop Protocol, used for connecting one device to another using port 3389.

DNS (Domain Name System) resolves hostnames to IP addresses. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

A and AAAA (or Quad A) resolves hostnames to IP addresses A for IPv4 and AAAA for IPV6. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

Pointer records (PTR Record) resolve IP Addresses to fully qualified domain names, basically the opposite of A records. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

CNAMES create alias for host names. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

MX (Mail Exchanger) record

Identifies a mail server and is used for email traffic