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Biomedical treatment/therapy
uses medication and medical procedures that act directly on a patient's physiological functioning
What are the most widely used biomedical treatments today?
Psychoactive medications
Most drugs for anxiety and depression are simply prescribed by a PCP
5 types of Drugs/Therapies
Psychoactive medication
Antipsychotic drugs
Antianxiety drugs
Mood-stabilizers
Antidepressant drugs
Psychoactive medication
A chemical substance that influences/alters mind, body, and/or behavior by interacting with the CNS
Downside: they don't produce a 'cure' -- in the way that penicillin cures an infection
Antipsychotic drugs
Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and severe thought disorders
The molecules of most conventional antipsychotic drugs are similar enough to serotonin and dopamine molecules to occupy receptor sites and limit/block activity
Antianxiety drugs
drugs used to control anxiety and agitation by depressing the CNS
Critics fear that antianxiety drugs reduce symptoms without resolving underlying problems - 'popping a Xanax' at the first sign of tension can create a learned response, reinforcing a person's tendency to take drugs when anxious
Mood-stabilizers
this simple salt lithium effectively levels the emotional highs of bipolar disorder, and thus is also used to treat the emotionality associated with Borderline PD
Antidepressant drugs
drugs used to treat depression-related disorders by increasing the availability of serotonin and norepinephrine/noradrenaline
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Small electric currents are sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient to treat severe depression that has not responded to other treatments
Studies show treatment-resistant patients report marked improvement (with only minor memory loss). It also somehow reduces suicidal thoughts and is credited with saving many from suicide
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
Repeated pulses of magnetic energy are applied to the brain to stimulate or suppress brain activity
like with ECT, TMS can be applied to specific sites on the brain
Causes no memory loss, but may lead to headaches/seizures; long-term effects unknown
NIMH a major study in 2010: 14% achieved remission, compared to 5% in an inactive/sham treatment (like a procedure version of a placebo)
Psychosurgery
Surgery that removes or destroys (lesions) brain tissue in an effort to alter behavior
Because its effect are irreversible, is now seen as a last resort
Lobotomy
a procedure that cuts the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain