Anatomy and Physiology - Chapter 1

Flashcards for Anatomy and Physiology review.

Anatomy

Describes the structures of the body, what they are made of, where they are located and associated structures

Physiology

The study of functions of anatomical structures, individual and cooperative functions

Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic Anatomy)

Examines large, visible structures via surface, regional, sectional, systemic, clinical, and developmental methods

Microscopic Anatomy

Examines cells and molecules via cytology and histology

Cell physiology

Functions of cells

Organ physiology

Functions of specific organs

Systemic physiology

Functions of organ systems

Pathological physiology

Effects of diseases on organs or systems

Signs

Objective indications of disease

Symptoms

Subjective experiences of disease

Atoms

Smallest stable units of matter

Molecules

Groups of atoms

Cells

Smallest living units in the body

Tissue

A group of cells working together

Organs

Made of two or more tissues working together

Organ system

A group of interacting organs

Organism

An individual life form

Integumentary System

Protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temperature, and provides sensory information.

Skeletal System

Provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, and forms blood cells.

Muscular System

Provides movement, protection and support for other tissues, and generates heat that maintains body temperature.

Nervous System

Directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates other organ systems, and provides and interprets sensory information.

Endocrine System

Directs long-term changes in other organ systems, adjusts metabolic activity and energy use, and controls many structural and functional changes during development.

Cardiovascular System

Distributes blood cells, water, nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide and distributes heat to control body temperature.

Lymphatic System

Defends against infection and disease and returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream.

Respiratory System

Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs), provides oxygen to bloodstream, removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream, and produces sounds for communication.

Digestive System

Processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients and stores energy reserves.

Urinary System

Excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, and regulates blood ion concentrations and pH.

Male Reproductive System

Produces male sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids, and hormones and facilitates sexual intercourse.

Female Reproductive System

Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones, supports developing embryo from conception to delivery, provides milk to nourish newborn infant, and facilitates sexual intercourse.

Medical terminology

Terms related to the body in health and disease

Anatomical position

Hands at sides, palms forward

Supine

Lying down, face up

Prone

Lying down, face down

Frontal (coronal) plane

Vertical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior portions

Sagittal plane

Vertical plane dividing body into left and right portions

Midsagittal plane

Plane lies in the middle

Parasagittal plane

Plane is offset from the middle

Transverse plane

Divides body into superior and inferior portions

Body cavities

Essential functions include protecting organs from shocks and impacts and permit significant changes in size and shape of internal organs

Ventral body cavity (coelom)

Divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic and abdominopelvic Cavities

Viscera

Internal organs of the body cavities

Serous membrane (serosa)

Lines body cavities and covers organs and it consists of parietal and visceral layers

Parietal serosa

Lines cavity

Visceral serosa

Covers organs

Thoracic cavity

Right and left pleural cavities containing right and left lungs and the mediastinum

Mediastinum

Upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus, while the lower portion contains the pericardial cavity

Peritoneal cavity

Chamber within abdominopelvic cavity

Parietal peritoneum

Lines the internal body wall

Visceral peritoneum

Covers the organs

Abdominal cavity

Superior portion from the diaphragm to the top of pelvic bones and contains digestive organs

Retroperitoneal space

Area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to muscular body wall and contains the pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive tract

Pelvic cavity

Inferior portion medial to pelvic bones and contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder

Homeostasis

All body systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment

Autoregulation

Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to an environmental change

Extrinsic regulation

Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

Receptor

Receives the stimulus

Control center

Processes the signal and sends instructions

Effector

Carries out instructions

Negative feedback

The response of the effector negates the stimulus and brings the body back into homeostasis

Positive feedback

Initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies the original change in conditions and moves the body away from homeostasis