BIOL 1410 - CHAPTER 10

Anatomical position

to stand erect with feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward

Anterior (ventral)

front of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

back of the body

Superior (cranial)

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Inferior (caudal)

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Intermediate

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial (external)

toward or at the body surface

Deep (internal)

Away from the body surface

Skeletal system has 2 divisions, what are they?

- axial skeleton
- appendicular skeleton

How many bones does the axial skeleton consist of?

80

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage (sternum + ribs)

How many bones does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

126

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper limb (arm, forearm, hand), lower limb (thigh, leg, foot)

articulates (joints)

connections between bones

Skull are divided into how many main bone groupings? What are they?

3, cranium, facial bones, auditory ossicles

How many bones are in the cranium?

8

How many bones are in the facial bones?

14

How many bones are there in the auditory ossicles?

6

The cranium consists of 8 bones, what are they?

1 frontal (forehead), 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 1 sphenoid, 1 ethmoid (forms superior + middle nasal conchae), 1 occipital

The facial bones consists of 14 bones, what are they?

2 nasal, 2 maxillae, 2 zygomatic, 2 lacrimal, 2 palatine (2 palatine + 2 maxillae = hard palate), 2 inferior nasal conchae, 1 vomer, 1 mandible

The hard plate is made out of what bones?

2 palatine + 2 maxillae

The auditory ossicles consists of 6 bones, what are they?

2 malleus, 2 incus, 2 stapes

The hyoid bone is unique because

it is the only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with any other bone

What is the purpose of the hyoid bone?

attaches muscles of tongue and neck, assists in swallowing

How many bones are in the vertebral column?

26

The vertebral column is separated into how many regions? What are they?

5 ; cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

How many bones are in the cervical region of the vertebral column?

7

How many bones are in the thoracic region of the vertebral column?

12

How many bones are in the lumbar region of the vertebral column?

5

typical vertebral structure consists of:

1 body, 1 spinous process, 2 transverse processes, 2 lamina(e), 2 pedicles, 1 vertebral foramen, superior and inferior articular facets, intervertebral foramina

Vertebral structure: the body

thick, anterior portion

Vertebral structure: spinous process

median posterior projection

Vertebral structure: transverse process

(2) lateral bony projections for muscle attachment

Vertebral structure: laminae

2) connects the spinous process to traverse process

Vertebral structure: pedicle

(2) connects the traverse process to the body

Vertebral structure: vertebral foramen

hole for spinal cord

Vertebral structure: superior and inferior articular facets

articulate with vertebrae above and below

Vertebral structure: intervertebral foramina

exit for spinal nerves

C1 bone is known as the ____

atlas

C2 bone is know as the ____

axis

Characteristics of C1 bone (atlas): (2)

- no body, no spinous process
- articulates with occipital condyles of skull (allows nodding ("yes") motion)

Does the C1 bone (atlas) have a body?

no

Does the C1 bone (atlas) have a spinous process?

no

The C1 bone (atlas) articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull. This allows for what?

nodding ("yes") motion

Characteristics of C2 bone (axis): (2)

- dens (= odontoid process)
- pivot joint around which atlas swivels (allows shaking ("no") motion)

The dens of the C2 bone (axis) is also called the:

odontoid process

The C2 bone (axis) has a dens which acts as a pivot joint around which the C1 bone (atlas) swivels. This allows for what?

shaking ("no") motion

What do all cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) have in common?

all have transverse foramina

What do all thoracic vertebrae (T1-C12) have in common?

all articulate with ribs via costal facets

What do all lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) have in common?

- support body weight
- all consists of large bodies and rectangular spinous processes

Sacrum

- 5 fused vertebrae
- articulates with the ilium (appendicular skeleton) and 5th lumbar vertebra (L5)

Coccyx

- 3-5 fused vertebrae, usually 4
- tailbone

concave

curved inward

convex

curved outward

Abnormal curvatures of the spine

kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis

scoliosis

spinal column curves laterally

kyphosis

- exaggerated thoracic curve (hunchback)

lordosis

exaggerated lumbar curve (swayback)

normal curvature of spine: the cervical and lumbar vertebrae is curved _____ ____ = ____ ____

convex anteriorly = concave posteriorly

normal curvature of spine: the thoracic and sacral vertebrae is curved _____ ____ = ____ ____

concave anteriorly = convex posteriorly

The thoracic cage consists of :

ribs and sternum

The sternum is also known as the ____

breastbone

The sternum consists of 3 parts, what are they?

manubrium (superior), body (middle), xiphoid process (inferior)

The sternum consists of how many parts?

3

Ribs consist of:

12 pairs of ribs (false and true) (articulate posteriorly with T1-T12)

How many true pairs of ribs are there?

7

How many false pairs of ribs are there?

5

Where do the ribs articulate?

posteriorly with T1-T12 (thoracic vertebrae bones)

Where do the true ribs attach?

directly to sternum via costal cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

Where do the false ribs (8-12) attach?

indirectly to the sternum via costal cartilage (ribs 8-10) or not at all = floating ribs (11-12) (embedded in muscle)

Where do the floating ribs (11-12) (false ribs) attach?

- not attached to the sternum
- embedded in muscle

pectoral girdle consists of:

clavicle and scapula

the pectoral girdle is also knows as the ____ ____ ____

upper limb girdle

Clavicle articulates with

- sternum (manubrium), and scapula (acromion process)
- connects axial and appendicular skeletons

scapula articulates with

clavicle (acromion process), and head of humerus (glenoid fossa/cavity)

Where is the spine of the scapula located? Anterior or posterior of the scapula?

posterior

coracoid process of scapula

attaches muscles for arm and chest

What are some of the markings/features of the scapula?

spine, acromion process, glenoid fossa/cavity, coracoid process

The pelvic girdle consists of

- composed of 2 os coxae (hip bones), each with 3 bones: 2 ilium, 2 ischium, 2 pubis

The pelvic girdle is also knows as: ____ ____ ____

lower limb girdle

os coxae (hip bone)

This consists of a fused ilium, ishium, and pubis

Ilium of the pelvic girdle articulates with the ____

sacrum

ischial tuberosity

most inferior part of the ischium

pubic symphysis

cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones fuse together

What are the joints of the pelvic girdle?

- sacroiliac joint
- pubic symphysis
- acetabulum

The sacroiliac joint of the pelvic girdle is between the ____ and ____

sacrum and ilium

The acetabulum articulates with

- head of femur
- all 3 bones of os coxa join here

The upper limb consists of:

humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Where is the radius bone located?

lateral side (thumb side) of the forearm

Where is the ulna bone located?

medial side (pinky side) of the forearm

How many carpal bones are there?

8

How many metacarpals are there?

5

The carpals make up the ____ of the hand

wrist

The metacarpals makeup the ____ of the hand

palm

How many phalanges are there?

14

The phalanges make up the ____ of the hand

digits (fingers)