Alterations in Immunity and Inflammatory Process

Flashcards on immunity, inflammatory processes, and related diseases.

What is the primary pathophysiology of Osteoarthritis?

Damage to articular cartilage.

What are the main causes of Osteoarthritis?

Aging, trauma, bone spurs, and cysts.

What are the major risk factors for Osteoarthritis?

Age, injury, repetitive trauma, genetics, obesity, joint malalignment, sedentary lifestyle.

What are some links associated with Osteoarthritis?

Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, hemochromatosis.

What impact does Osteoarthritis have on overall health?

Joint pain, fatigue, mobility limitations, lower employment rates, higher missed workdays.

What are the clinical presentations of Osteoarthritis?

Pain and joint stiffness, muscle atrophy, bone deformity, movement limitations, crepitus, joint tenderness.

What lab testing and diagnostic studies are used for Osteoarthritis?

Radiography, MRI, ultrasound, ESR, arthrocentesis, CRP.

What is the role of the nurse in caring for patients with Osteoarthritis?

Pain management, mobility aids, ADL assistance, psychosocial support, client education.

What is Peritonitis?

Inflammation of the peritoneum.

What are the causes of Peritonitis?

Infections, trauma, organ disease.

What are the two types of Peritonitis?

Spontaneous (complication of liver or kidney failure) and secondary (result of ruptured organ).

What are the risk factors for Peritonitis?

Cirrhosis, ulcerative colitis, stomach ulcer, pelvic inflammatory disease, peritoneal dialysis, appendicitis, diverticulitis, pancreatitis, weakened immune system.

What potentially life-threatening condition may result if Peritonitis is untreated?

Sepsis.

What are the symptoms of Peritonitis?

Abdominal tenderness, rigidity, pain, nausea and vomiting, constipation.

What lab testing and diagnostic studies are used for Peritonitis?

Peritoneal culture, imaging, CBC, BUN, creatinine, hemoglobin/hematocrit.

What is the role of the nurse in caring for patients with Peritonitis?

Minimize risk in peritoneal dialysis, observe for sepsis, client education.

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Chronic joint inflammation; autoimmune.

What are the risk factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Age, genetics, female gender at birth, obesity, smoking, stress, immune dysfunction.

What are some correlations of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Heart disease, blood clots, sleep apnea, medication side effects.

What are the symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Fever, malaise, pain, weakness, joint stiffness and swelling, nodules.

What lab testing and diagnostic studies are used for Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Serology, imaging.

What is the role of the nurse in caring for patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Minimize risk of falls, assistive devices, client education.

What laboratory studies are used to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis?

Rheumatoid factor, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, antinuclear antibody, CBC, Liver Enzymes (ALP/ALT/AST), BUN, Creatinine

What medications were prescribed to Robin Jones for her rheumatoid arthritis?

Dexamethasone, hydroxychloroquine, and methotrexate.

What is Lupus?

Chronic autoimmune disease.

What are the two types of Lupus?

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE).

What are the triggers for Lupus?

Hormones, genetics, infection, stress, medications, toxins, Epstein-Barr virus, UV light, silica dust.

What body systems are affected by Lupus?

Kidneys, central nervous system, cardiovascular system.

What are the impacts of Lupus on overall health?

Cardiovascular disease, stroke, myocardial infarction, kidney disease.

What are the symptoms of SLE?

Skin rash (butterfly), arthritis, inflammation of feet and eyes, fatigue, low grade fever.

What are the symptoms of DLE?

Scaly, red rash on face or scalp, sores in nose or mouth.

What lab testing and diagnostic studies are used for Lupus?

Serology, imaging.

What is the role of the nurse in caring for patients with Lupus?

Minimize triggers like UV light, exhaustion, stress; client education.

What is HIV/AIDS?

Retrovirus affecting immune system that targets and destroys CD4 white blood cells (T Cells).

What opportunistic infections result from HIV/AIDS?

Tuberculosis, fungal infections, bacterial infections, cancers.

How is HIV/AIDS spread?

Blood, semen, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, breastmilk.

What populations are at risk for HIV/AIDS?

Sexual activities, sharing drug needles, use of drugs/alcohol, incarceration.

What is the impact of HIV/AIDS on overall health?

Weakened immune system, opportunistic infections and cancers.

What are the initial symptoms of HIV/AIDS?

Fever, headache, rash, sore throat.

What are the symptoms of HIV/AIDS progression?

Swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, fever, diarrhea, cough.

What are the stages of HIV/AIDS?

Acute infection, chronic infection, AIDS.

What lab testing and diagnostic studies are used for HIV/AIDS?

HIV testing, viral load testing, CD4 counts, antigen/antibody testing.

What is the role of the nurse in caring for patients with HIV/AIDS?

Healthcare exposure precautions and prevention, client education.

What is Anaphylaxis?

Severe allergic reaction.

What are the effects of Anaphylaxis on multiple body systems?

Histamine release/blood vessel permeability/hypotension; flushing/rash/edema/urticaria; nausea/vomiting/diarrhea; dizziness/confusion/headaches/fainting.

What is the result of Anaphylactic shock?

Cardiovascular and respiratory failure.

What are the triggers of Anaphylaxis?

Insect stings, food, medications, other substances, exercise.

Who is at high risk for Anaphylaxis?

Asthma, chronic lung disease, medications (beta blockers, alpha adrenergic blockers), mastocytosis.

What are the initial symptoms of Anaphylaxis?

Rash/urticaria, shortness of breath/wheezing, stomach pain/nausea, facial swelling, fainting.

What occurs during Anaphylactic shock?

Hypotension, hypoxia.

What is the role of the nurse in caring for patients with Anaphylaxis?

Food, medication, latex; client education.

What characterizes Bacterial and Viral Infections?

Invasion of pathogens.

How Bacterial and Viral Infections spread?

Skin, body fluids, feces, airborne, contaminated food/water.

What are the local clinical presentations of Bacterial and Viral Infections?

Abscess.

What are the systemic clinical presentations of Bacterial and Viral Infections?

Fever, tachycardia, confusion, seizures, coma.

What are anti-microbial resistant infections?

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterobacteriaceae, MRSA.

What are nursing interventions for patients with Bacterial and Viral Infections?

Aseptic technique, personal protective equipment, client education.

What is Influenza?

Viral infection that compromises alveolar function.

What are the types of Influenza?

Types A and B.

When is Influenza epidemic?

October to May.

How is Influenza transmitted?

Respiratory aerosol droplets, inhalation, contact.

What is the incubation period of Influenza?

1 to 4 days.

Who is at greatest risk for Influenza?

Indigenous, age less than 5, pregnancy, immunocompromised, chronic conditions.

What is the acronym to remember the symptoms of Influenza?

"FACTS" - Fever, Aches, Chills, Tiredness, Sudden onset

What are the respiratory clinical presentations of Influenza?

Cough, nasal discharge, congestion, sore throat.

What is the role of the nurse in caring for patients with Influenza?

Personal protective equipment, client education, vaccination, antiviral medications.

What is Sinusitis?

Inflammation of sinus cavities.

What are the typical causes of Sinusitis?

Bacterial or viral; follows cold or allergies.

What are the clinical presentations of Sinusitis?

Facial pain/pressure, congestion, alterations in taste and smell, postnasal drip.

What is the primary role of the nurse when caring for patients with Sinusitis?

Client education.

What is Meningitis?

Inflammation of meninges that affects subarachnoid fluid.

What is the cause of Meningitis predominantly?

Mostly bacterial or viral.

What are the causative agents of Meningitis?

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, amoeba, trauma, medications.

Who is at high risk for Meningitis?

HIV/AIDS, group settings, travel.

What are the symptoms of Meningitis in infants?

Anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, irritability, rash, respiratory symptoms.

What are the symptoms of Meningitis in adults?

Fever, headache, stiff neck, seizures, photosensitivity.

What lab testing and diagnostic studies are used for Meningitis?

Lumbar puncture, CSF proteins, culture.

What is the role of the nurse in caring for patients with Meningitis?

Identify risks, client education.

What type of inflammatory response is immediate and self-limiting?

Acute inflammation.

What type of inflammatory response is long lasting and can damage tissue?

Chronic inflammation.

What is the most common type of arthritis?

Osteoarthritis.

What type of risk factors contribute to clients experiencing alterations in immunity and inflammatory processes?

Epidemiological and etiological risk factors.

What can differentiate clients experiencing alterations in immunity and inflammatory processes?

Clinical presentation.

What factors need to be considered regarding the impact on overall health when looking at Osteoarthritis?

Psychosocial.

What should you relate the risk factors for alterations in immunity and inflammatory processes to?

Risk reduction education.

What are the two types of peritonitis?

Spontaneous and Secondary.

What is the classification of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Autoimmune.

Besides genetics, age, and gender, what lifestyle choice is a risk factor for Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Smoking.

What is present in Rheumatoid Arthritis that attacks the body's own tissues?

Autoantibodies.

What are the two main types of Lupus?

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE).

Besides stress and infection, what environmental trigger should be avoided in Lupus?

UV light.

What type of cells are the main target of HIV/AIDS?

Targets and destroys CD4 white blood cells (T Cells).

What types of bodily fluids spread HIV/AIDS?

Blood, Semen, Rectal fluids, Vaginal Fluids, and Breastmilk.

What type of reaction is anaphylaxis?

Severe allergic reaction.

What type of trigger is commonly associated with anaphylaxis, especially in children?

Food

What type of precautions are involved in the role of the nurse when caring for patients with HIV/AIDS?

Healthcare exposure precautions and prevention.

What are the different types of pathogens that can cause bacterial and viral infections?

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, and Protozoa

What type of equipment is essential for nurses to use when caring for patients with infections?

Personal protective equipment.

How is influenza (flu) primarily transmitted?

Person-to-person.

What preventive measure is highly recommended to reduce the risk of influenza transmission?

Vaccination.