APHG Unit 2 Review for AP Exam

Population Density

The number of people living per unit of area, typically per square kilometer or mile.

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit area of arable land.

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of arable land.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size that an environment can sustain indefinitely.

Overpopulation

A situation where the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

Migration

A permanent or semi-permanent change in residence.

Emigration

Leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another.

Immigration

The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country.

Push Factors

Negative aspects or conditions that motivate one to leave a place.

Pull Factors

Positive aspects or conditions that attract one to a new location.

Internal Migration

Movement within a country.

International Migration

Movement from one country to another.

Forced Migration

Involuntary movement due to factors like conflict or disaster.

Voluntary Migration

Movement by choice, often for economic or social reasons.​

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of live births per 1,000 people in a given year.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given year.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The percentage by which a population grows in a year, calculated by subtracting the CDR from the CBR.

Doubling Time

The number of years it takes for a population to double in size, calculated by dividing 70 by the NIR.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years a person can expect to live.

Dependency Ratio

The ratio of the combined population of people under 15 and over 64 to the working-age population (15–64).

Sex Ratio

The number of males per 100 females in a population.​

Pronatalist Policies

Government policies that encourage higher birth rates.

Antinatalist Policies

Government policies that discourage higher birth rates.

Malthusian Theory

The idea that population grows exponentially while food production grows at an arithmetic rate, leading to potential shortages.

Neo-Malthusian Theory

An updated version of Malthus's theory, considering factors like resource depletion and environmental degradation.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model that describes the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops.

Epidemiologic Transition Model

A model that explains the changes in population health and causes of death over time.

Primary Sector

Involves extracting natural resources directly from the Earth. (Ex: Farming, fishing, forestry, mining. Typical in LDCs)

Secondary Sector

Involves processing raw materials from the primary sector into finished goods. (Ex: Manufacturing, construction, factory work. Typical in: Newly industrializing countries)

Tertiary Sector

Focuses on services rather than goods. (Ex: Retail, banking, education, healthcare. Typical in MDCs)

Quaternary Sector

Involves information services and knowledge-based work. (EX: Research, IT, consulting, data analysis. Typical in: Highly developed economies)

Quinary Sector

Includes high-level decision making and elite professionals. (Ex: Government officials, CEOs, university presidents.Typical in: Advanced economies)