Chapter 10 : Thermal Energy and Thermodynamics

temperature

the measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a system

internal energy

the sum of all energies in a system

heat

transfer of energy due to difference in temps

celsius to farenheit

thermal expansion formula

average kinetic energy

• accounts for translation, rotation and vibration

average translational kinetic energy

conduction

heat transfer from one object to another by direct contact

conduction formula

convection

heat transfer within a fluid

• occurs due to density difference

radiation

occurs when heat is tranferred without the need of any medium

• ex: electromagnetic waves

zeroth law of thermodynamics

first law of thermodynamics

energy cannot be created or destroyed

first law of thermodynamics formula

Isothermal process

temperature remains constant

Q = W

adiabatic process

no heat is allowed to flow in or out of the system

• internal energy = - work done by system

isobaric process

pressure is constant

isochoric process

volume is constant

internal energy = heat added to system

second law of thermodynamics

entropy can never decrease in a spontaneous process

• high entropy means less energy available for work

second law of thermodynamics formula

what are the three ways of transferring heat

• conduction

• convection

• radiation

what is positive work

• compression

• decrease in volume

what is negative work

• expansion

• increase in volume

what elements are liquid in standard state

Hg and Br

what are the elements that are gases in standard state

NOFCl + noble gases

what is more stable low or high entropy

high entropy

How to calculate delta S of reaction

Gibbs Free Energy equation

when is gibbs free energy spontaneous

when G is less than zero meaning that it is exothermic

delta g and Keq relationship

opposite

phase change formula

q = m x delta H

bomb calorimetry formula

q = C x delta T

work formula

internal energy formula

E = q +w

memorize table