Axial skeleton: muscle and joint interaction AND ventilation

Spinalis and longissimus

thoracis, cervicis, capitis

illiocostalis

lumborum, thoracis, cervicis

erector spinae

bilateral contraction: extension of the spine, anterior pelvic tilt 

unilateral contraction: side bending 

tansversospinal muscles 

run in a cranial and medial direction

semispinalis

multifidi

rotatores

bilaterally: extend the spine

Unilaterally: side bending and rotation

what are the primary rotators

semispanlis and multifidus

external oblique

Contralateral rotation

internal oblique

ipsilateral rotation

transversus abdominis

does not move the spine

primary stabilizer of the lumbar spine

What muscles are required to rotate the spine to the right?

right internal oblique

left external oblique

right erector spinae

left transversuspinalis

Extensor musculature 

greater cross sectional area

greater overall vertical orientation of muscle fibers 

Iliacus

hip flexor: pelvis on the femur, femur on pelvis

psoas

hip flexor

side bend lumbar spine

quadratus lumborum

bilateral: extension of the lumbar

unilateral: side bending, hip hiking 

Thoracolumbar fascia

works with ligaments and muscles for static and dynamic stabilization of the spine

covers the back muscles and attaches to the spinous processes of the lumbar spine

what are the three mechanisms of stability of the thoracolumbar fascia

• posterior layers slam them together, creating tension

• any muscle that attaches to it will put tension on the fascia

• increase pressure and makes spine stiffer

SCM

Bilateral: will extend the upper cervical spine and flex the lower spine

unilateral: ipsilateral side bending

contralateral rotation

Scalenes

bilateral: flexion of the cervical spine

unilateral: ipsilateral side bending

contralateral rotation

Longus Coli and capitis

bilateral: cervical retraction

Rectus capitis anterior 

bilateral: flexion of the upper cervical spine

Rectus capitis lateralis

only capable of side bending the upper cervical spine

suboccipital muscles 

extend upper cervical spine 

How many true ribs are there

7

how many false ribs are there?

2

How many floating ribs are there

2

1st rib

synarthrosis

STABILITY

2-7 ribs

synovial

MOBILITY

During inspiration

the ribs rotate upward and outward

Ribs 1-6 during inspiration

superior and anterior movement

pump handle

will lead to thoracic spine extension

Ribs 7-10 during inspiration

superior and lateral movement

bucket handle

increase lateral diameter

Ribs 11-12 during inspiration

posterior and lateral movement

Is inspiration active or passive

ACTIVE

What is the exception for active expiration

forceful expiration

Breathing in leads to..

volume going up and pressure going down

breathing out leads to

volume reducing and pressure increasing

diaphram

workhorse of ventilation

first muscle to be recruited during inspiration

breathing in moves it down

Muscles for inspiration

intercostales externi

parasternal fibers of the intercostales interni

Muscles for forced expiration

interosseous fibers of the intercostales interni

Intercostal muscles 

stabilize intercostal spaces

will contract to stiffen the rib cage 

prevents thoracic wall from being pulled inward 

Respiratory cycle

1 inspiration and 1 expiration

12-20 per minute

Quiet inspiration

diaphram

little or no change in bony boundaries

quiet and deep expiration

elastic recoil from connective tissue 

deep inspiration

same muscles are used but muscles contract with greater force

• increased recuitment of the scalenes

• scm

• quadratus lumborum

• erector spinae

Forceful inspiration

reverse muscle action

• shoulder muscles 

• cervical muscles 

• scapular muscles 

forced expiration

abdominals recruited all 4

intercostales interni

transversus thoracis 

Abdominal muscles

flex the thorax and depress ribs and sternum

increase intra-abdominal pressure