ENV101 Climate

S_______ radiation = _____ or _______ radiation from the ___

Shortwave radiation = direct or reflected radiation from the sun

L______ radiation = heat that has been _______ and __-_______

Longwave radiation = heat that has been absorbed and re-emited

Albedo = _______ of ________ ____ radiation that is _______ from a surface = planetary = __%

Albedo = proportion of incoming solar radiation that is reflected from a surface = planetary = 30%

Greenhouse effect = gases (___, _______) trap ____ (_______ radiation) within the atmosphere = _ atoms and able to ____ much ____ with __________ radiation

Greenhouse effect = gases (co2, methane) trap heat (thermal radiation) within the atmosphere = 3 atoms and able to interact much more with electromagnetic radiation

Global _____ _____ = balance between _____ energy that reaches from the ___ and the ______ that flows from _____ back to ____ = ___ imbalance

Global energy budget = balance between radiant energy that reaches from the sun and the energy that flows from earth back to space = net imbalance

S______ heat = moved by _______ air movements, net _____ of ____ from _______ to atmosphere, depends on ___ and ____ different

Sensible heat = moved by turbulent air movements, net transfer of heat from surface to atmosphere, depends on wind and temp different

L_____ heat = energy used to _______ _____ at the surface = ____ vapor _____ into atmosphere = ____ surface = depends on ________ of ____ water

Latent heat = energy used to evaporate liquid at the surface = water vapor rises into atmosphere = cools surface = depends on availability of surface water

Radiation of _____ energy at ______ wavelengths occur at the _____ ______

Radiation of thermal energy at infrared wavelengths occur at the earths surface

El ____ = trade winds _____, ____ water flows ___ along equator, ________ depressed on ___ side, ____ of nutrients on east side, rain in _____, lack on ____= ______ global temperatures = more ______ _____ water

El Nino = trade winds weaken, warm water flows east along equator, thermocline depressed on east side, lack of nutrients on east side, rain in central, lack on west = warmer global temperatures = more exposed warm water

La ____ = trade winds _________, deep _________ further ____, _____ water along equator and east, ______ global temperatures

La Nina = trade winds strengthen, deep convection further west, cold water along equator and east, colder global temperatures

E__O = periodic _______ in sea surface _________ and ___ ________ of overlying _______ across the _______ ______ ocean

ENSO = periodic fluctuation in sea surface temperature and air pressure of overlying atmosphere across the equatorial pacific ocean

Drought = ____ to define = generally a ____ of water, _____ climate hazard, ______ to ________

Drought = hard to define = generally a lack of water, creeping climate hazard, relative to location

M__________ drought = ____ precipitation than normal, based on a ______ and ________, ____ of rainfall ________ rather than _______, _______ and simple

Meteorological drought = less precipitation than normal, based on a threshold and duration, lack of rainfall reliability rather than amounts, practical and simple

H________ drought = ______ ____ flows and _________ levels are too ___ to meet ________, usually ___ _______ ____________ droughts

Hydrological drought = reduced river flows and water levels are too low to meet demand, usually lags behind meteorological droughts

A________ drought = ____ moisture no longer meets _____, ____ moisture ______ estimated from _____, ________ uptake by _____

Agricultural drought = soil moisture no longer meets demand, soil moisture deficit estimated from rainfall, evaporation uptake by plants

Drought ____ = combines _________ and ___ moisture

Drought index = combines precipitation and soil moisture

Water crisis = when _____ ______ meet ______

Water crisis = when supply cannot meet demand

Aotearoa water supply = __% from ____, _______ Ranges

Aotearoa water supply = 60% from dams, Hunua Ranges

Tropical cyclones = ____, organised structure, ___-pressure systems that form in the _____ = moves _______, ____ from equator, ___-_______ movement

Tropical cyclones = warm, organised structure, low-pressure systems that form in the tropics = moves westwards, away from equator, non-uniform movement

Mid-latitude/____ tropical cyclones = tropical systems that move ____, pulls _______ from ___-tropics = ___-pressure front = ______ weather

Mid-latitude/extra tropical cyclones = tropical systems that move south, pulls moisture from sub-tropics = low-pressure front = severe weather

Flooding = _______ by water on usually ___ water covered land

Flooding = inundation by water on usually not water covered land

R______ flooding = flows _____ channel ______, _______ and _______ of rainfall, size _______, water ________

Riverine flooding = flows exceed channel capacity, intensity and duration of rainfall, size catchment, water retention

F___/______ flooding = ________ _______ ______ and runoff _____ = ____ reaches of ____, intense _____ duration rainfall, sudden severe ______

Flash/surface flooding = precipitation exceeds drainage and runoff capacity = upper reaches of basin, tense short duration rainfall, sudden severe locally

Adaptation = taking action to ______ or _______ the _______ caused by climate change

Adaptation = taking action to prevent or minimise the damage caused by climate change

Mitigation = taking action to ______ climate change

Mitigation = taking action to reduce climate change

Heat island effect = structures ______ and -emit the ___ heat more than _____ landscape = _________tend to ____ ___/______ flow trapping _____ between buildings = ____ produced by _______ and air _______ = ______ temperatures.

Heat island effect = structures absorb and re-emit the suns heat more than natural landscape = buildings tend to limit air/wind flow trapping heat between buildings = heat produced by exhaust and air conditioning = higher temperatures.