Biological Diversity and Classification

carbohydrates are up of which elements

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

monosaccharides are carbohydrates that ___

can’t be broken down (e.g., glucose)

polysaccharides are carbohydrates that ___

attach monosaccharides via glycosidic bonds (e.g., glycogen)

lipids are

diverse hydrophobic macromolecules

fats and oils are a type of lipid with ___

glycerol and carbon-hydrogen chains

fats and oils are a type of lipid that is a source of

energy and essential fatty acids

phospholipids are a type of lipid with ___

phosphate (hydrophilic) and fatty acids (hydrophobic)

membranes have 2 layers of

phospholipids (bilayer)

steroids are a type of lipid with ___

four carbon rings

steroids help support

cell communication

proteins have a broad range of ___

function and chemical properties

structural proteins provide ___

support; form hair, ligaments, and horns

storage proteins provide ___

amino acids for growth (e.g., seeds and eggs)

contractile proteins help with ___

movement and muscle contractions

transport proteins help ___

transport substances (e.g., hemoglobin)

enzymes help ___

speed up chemical reactions

nucleic acids are make up of which nucleotides

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

DNA has

genetic information and genes (specific portions) that synthesize proteins

RNA is involved in

protein synthesis (e.g., mRNA)

Central Dogma

shows the flow of genetic information (DNA → RNA [transcription] → protein [translation])

cell/plasma membrane

separates cytoplasm from external environment

nucleus

houses and protects DNA

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

synthesizes proteins

Golgi apparatus

modifies and transports proteins throughout, or out, of cells

mitochondria

provides energy via ATP synthesis

vesicles

moves substances in and out of cells

Taxonomy

naming and classifying organisms base don similarities and differences

taxa (sing. taxon)

hierarchical grouping of organisms

species

organisms that, under normal conditions, breed healthy, fertile offspring and are most similar to each other

genus

closely related species

family

a group of genuses (defined by vegetative and reproductive characteristics)

order

a group of families (defined by structural adaptations and functional similarities; behavioral traits, tooth structure)

class

a group of orders (defined by organ system structure and physiological traits; skeletal structure and limb organization)

phylum

a group of classes (defined by embryo structure)

kingdom

a group of phylums (defined by functional and ecological traits; mode of nutrition, body organization)

domain

a group of kingdoms (defined by presence of membrane-bound organelles, cell number, and metabolism)

mnemonic for remembering taxons

King Philip Came Over For Good Soup

the domains of life are ___

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

under the bacteria domain, the kingdom is

eubacteria

under the archaea domain, the kingdom is

archaebacteria

under the eukarya domain, the kingdoms are

protista, plantae, fungi, and animilia

systematists

uses comparative anatomy, development, and molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships between species

phylogenetic tree

depicts relationship between species/groups of organisms

what does the tip of a phylogenetic tree represent?

a species or a group of species

what does the node of a phylogenetic tree represent?

common ancestor (less nodes = closer relationship)

what does a branching event of a phylogenetic tree represent

new species formation, possible new traits, and differences form common ancestors

binomial nomenclature

specific organism name (genus + species)

basal taxa

lineage evolving earlier fro the root that remains unbranched

sister taxa

groups/species that share one node (common ancestor)

clade (monophyletic group)

specifies sharing one common ancestor