CH2: Organic and inorganic chem

All living and nonliving things are composed of ____which is anything that occupies space and has mass.

matter

is the amount of matter in an object

mass

is the gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass

weight

The international unit for mass

kilogram (kg)

The mass of all other objects is compared with this cylinder.

platinum-iridium cylinder kept at the International
Bureau of Weights and Measurements in France

the simplest type of matter, having unique chemical
properties.

element

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up how much % in the human body?

96%

The majority of the body’s weight is from what element

Oxygen

is the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element.

atoms

Latin word for Sodium

Natrium

The characteristic of matter that result from the structure, organization,and behavior of atoms.

atomic structure

The three major types of subatomic particles

protons (+)
neutrons (-)
electrons (no charge)

subatomic particles that form the nucleus of an atom

protons and neutrons

region where electrons can be found

electron cloud

are two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but a different
number of neutrons.

isotopes

avogadro's number

6.022x10*23

The mass of 1 mole of a substance expressed
in grams is called

molar mass

is the concept of how atoms interact to form molecules

chemical level

coencentric rings around the nucleus

electron shells

The innermost shell maximum number of electrons

2

how many electrons can the remaining outer shells hold

8

The outermost shell in the elctrons shells is called___

valence shell

The number of electrons in the valence shell determines an atom’s ____

chemical nature

if the valence shell is full, the atom is ____, does not form chemical bonds with other atoms

inert

if an atom’s valence shell is not full, the atom is _____

chemically reactive

word that means to achieve a full valence shell

octet

Atoms achieve an octet in two major ways

(1) the transfer of electrons between atoms and
(2) the sharing of electrons between atoms.

2 types of chemical bonds

ionic bond
covalent bond

is the ability of an atom’s nucleus to attract electrons

electronegativity

Positively charged ions

cations

negatively charged ions

anions

a bond formed when electrons are transferred between atoms, creating oppositely charged ions.

ionic bond

type of bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

covalent bond

the resulting combination of atoms is called _____

molecule

The sharing of one pair of electrons by two atoms results in a _____

single covalent bond

a type of covalent bond formed when two atoms share 4 electrons, 2 from each atom.

double covalent bond

When electrons are shared equally between atoms, type of covalent bond

nonpolar covalent bonds

where the two atoms involved in a covalent bond have different electronegativities

polar covalent bonds

composed of two or more atoms chemically combined
to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit.

molecule

substance resulting from the chemical combination
of two or more different types of atoms

compound

(4) types of representation when picturing molecules

chemical formula
electron-dot formula
bond-line formula
models

mass of a molecule or compound

molecular mass

weak electrostatic attractions that exist between oppositely charged parts of molecules, or between ions and molecules

intermolecular forces

bond formed when the positively charged hydrogen of one molecule is attracted to the negatively charged oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine of another molecule

hydrogen bond

forces that occur within a molecule, holding its atoms together

intramolecular forces

is the ability of one substance to dissolve in another

solubility

meaning "to separate"

disassociate

Cations and anions that dissociate in water are sometimes
called ______

electrolytes

Molecules that do not dissociate form solutions that do not conduct electricity and are called _______

nonelectrolytes (e.g. pure water)

the type of reaction that occurs when atoms, ions, molecules, or compounds interact either to form or to break chemical bonds

chemical reaction

The substances that enter into a chemical reaction

reactants

the substances that result from the chemical reaction are called ____

products

The formula shows the kind and number of atoms present

Chemical Formula

The bonding electrons are shown as lines
between the symbols of the atoms.

Bond-Line Formula

The bonding electrons are shown as dots
between the symbols of the atoms.

Electron-Dot Formula

Atoms are shown as different-sized and
different-colored spheres.

Models

how can the molecular mass of a molecule be determined

adding up the atomic masses of its atoms (or ions)

An equal sharing of electrons between
two atoms results in an even charge distribution
among the atoms of the molecule.

nonpolar covalent bond

An unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms results in a slightly positive charge (δ+) on one side and a slightly negative charge (δ−) on the other side of the molecule

Polar Covalent Bond

the reverse of a synthesis reaction—a larger reactant is chemically broken down into two or more smaller products.

decomposition reaction

a type of metabolism that is a decomposition reaction

catabolism

when two or more reactants chemically combine to form a new and larger product

synthesis reaction

The collective term for synthesis reactions in the body

anabolism

Synthesis reactions in which water is a product are called ______

dehydration reactions

ATP meaning

adenosine triphosphate

formula for the creation of ATP

ADP + Pi + Energy = ATP

Adenosine diphosphate + inorganic phosphate group + energy = ATP

All of the anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body are collectively defined as _______

metabolism

is when the reaction can run in the opposite direction, so that the products are converted back to the original reactants

reversible reaction

When the rate of product formation is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction, the reaction system is said to be at ________

equilibrium

Chemical reactions that result from the exchange of electrons
between the reactants

oxidation-reduction reactions

The loss of an electron by an atom is called _____

oxidation

the gain of an electron is called ______

reduction

is the capacity to do work

energy

2 subdivisions of energy

kinetic energy & potential energy

stored energy that could do work but is not doing so

potential energy

the form of energy that is actually doing work and moving matter

kinetic energy

energy is neither created nor destroyed. True or False?

TRUE

the energy that results from the position or movement of objects

mechanical energy

is a form of potential energy stored within the chemical bonds of a substance

chemical energy

This reaction requires water to be split into two parts, and each part be contributed to one of the new glucose molecules

hydrolysis reactions

Is the minimum amount of energy that the reactants must have to start a chemical reaction

Activation energy

are substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being permanently changed or depleted themselves

catalysts

are proteins that act as catalysts

enzymes

is a form of energy that flows from a hotter object
to a cooler object.

heat energy

the study that generally deals with substances that do not contain carbon

inorgnic chemistry

is the study of carbon-containing substances

organic chemistry

this compound is formed when an atom of oxygen forms polar covalent bonds with two atoms of hydrogen

water [H2O]

Molecules that are attracted to water are called _____

hydrophilic

Molecules that lack attraction to water

hydrophobic

2 unique properties of water

cohesion and adhesion

is the attraction of water to another water molecule

cohesion

is the attraction of water to other molecules

adhesion

functions of water (4)

stabilizing body temperature
protection
chemical reactions
mixing medium

2 ways water stabilizes body temp

(1) absorption of heat
(2) evaporation

2 ways water protects the body

(1) lubricant - protects eyes from eyelid friction
(2) cushion - protects organs from trauma

a type of synthesis reaction that produces water

dehydration reaction

a type of decomposition reaction that requires water

hydrolysis reaction

a combination of two or more substances physically blended together

mixture

is any mixture in which the substances are uniformly distributed

solution