AS Biology - Unit 5 - The mitotic cell cycle

-"___" means to fill in the blank. the number of underscores do not equal the number of characters required. -number of points needed to be given for the answer is in '[ ]'

label the parts of a chromosome

two chromatids joined together are called ____

sister chromatids

mutation

the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA

types of mutation**

-deletion

-addition

-substitution

histones

protein DNA wraps around

nucleosome

8 histone proteins with DNA wrapped around it

each chromatid contains ___ DNA molecule

1(one)

PMAT stands for ___

P - prophase

M - metaphase

A - anaphase

T - telophase

reasons for mitosis [4]

-asexual reproduction

-growth

-repair

-immune response

complete the diagram for mitosis

complete the cell cycle.

what colours and stages represent interphase.

yellow,blue pink. (G1,S,G2)

what occurs directly after mitosis

cytokinesis

where is ‘S’ in the mitotic cell cycle

between G1 and G2 (during interphase)

heterochromatin

-more tightly coiled(looks darker)

-mostly inactive genes

euchromatin

-more loosely coiled(looks lighter)

-more active genes

telomeres form ___ at the ends of each chromatid

telomeres form caps at the ends of each chromatid

telomeres are made of ____ ____ sequences, high in ___ and ___ nucleotides

telomeres are made of repeating nucleotide sequences, high in G and C nucleotides.

telomeres do:

-ensure all DNA is copied

function of telomerase

to rebuild telomeres

potency

extent to which cells can produce different cell types

totipotent

can produce any cell up to 16 cell stage of zygote division

pluripotent

can produce most cell types except for the ones making up the blastocyst which surrounds the placenta

multipotent

cells that have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into multiple specialized cell types present in a specific tissue or organ

cancer results from …

… uncontrolled mitosis forming tumours

oncogenes

mutated genes which trigger cancer to start

carcinogen

any agent that causes cancer(ex. UV light, tar, asbestos)

malignant

tumors which can spread through the body through blood and lymph

metastasis

the spread of cancers in the body du to cells breaking off and being carried in vessels(blood/lymphatic)

how does cytokinesis occur in an animal cell

at the centre of the cell, a ring of microfilaments contracts to form a clevage furrow that pinches the cell in to form two daughter cells

how does cytokinesis occur in a plant cell

carbohydrate-rich vesicles form in a row at the centre of the cell. thy fuse to form a cell plate in the middle of the cell. the cell plate extends outwards and fuses with the cell wall, dividing the cell into to two daughter cells