Art Exam 2 multiple choice and image descriptions

When did Impressionism start?

In the mid-19th century

What scientific concepts were Impressionist artists interested in?

Science of sight and light

What was a main focus of Impressionism?

Movement and time

How did Impressionism distinguish itself from photography?

By continuing the distinction of painting from photography

What inspired the name 'Impressionism'?

A critic who hated Monet and his contemporaries' work

What technological influences affected Impressionism?

Invention of tubed paint and new science of sight and light

What cultural influence did Impressionism draw from?

Japanese art

What social themes were Impressionist artists interested in?

Gender equality and social mixing in public spaces

What aspect of urban development did Impressionism reflect?

Modern urban planning

Monet, Impression: Sunrise

The title inspired Impressionism due to a critic who hated it

Very abstract

Monet is obsessed with the moment

He goes out to paint this every day, to paint a little at the same time, to capture the moment

The sun will only look like this at this time

Showing the idea of light and time

He wants to look at the thing while he paints

He brings his canvas to paint, and tubed paints let him do that

Monet, The portal of Rouen Cathedral in morning light

Impressionism

Part of a series

He captures things at different seasons

This is in the spring

Trying to show how light makes a building look different

He does the same thing with a lot of different paintings

Cassatt Mother and Child

Impressionism

She focuses on the mechanics of sight

The center is crisp, but the outside is blurry, just like how our eyes would see it

Seeing more women artists

Her work is often about the position of women

Supposed to look cute and warm

Children are a normal way to show changes over time

intentional mark maintaining, so you know it's a painting

Cassatt Maternal Caress

Impressionism

Similar to the mother and child

This is a print

Well-known print maker

American artist but works in Paris

The kid looks 3D due to the line, and the other looks 2d without the line

Trying to show how pattern and color change how we see things

The shape gets messed up due to the pattern chaining

Caillebotte Paris Street, Rainy Day

Impressionism

The rainy day is intentional

The clouds soften the light (no harsh shadows)

The water is reflecting and changes over time

Supposed to show a photograph that he's better than it

Supposed to be an event we can not see because the 2 main people are not looking at the camera

Talking about the moment

The camera creates a frame where you can't see stuff

He wants to make you feel like he captured an image like a photo

Supposed to show a mixing of social classes

Streets are set up for people to walk

Rich people are now able to walk around

We know they are rich because of their clothes

The rain umbrella was just invented

Degas: The rehearsal on stage

Impressionism

Ballerinas were often sex workers in the 19th century

Sold into sex work by their parents, but they did get paid

This was painted because it was a major social place for the middle and upper classes

Much more abstract towards the edges

We see people cut off from the image

Puts the viewer in the orchestra

Supposed to show the bad parts, the more we look

The owner is sitting down off to the side

Seurat- La Grande Jatte or A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte

Impressionism

Large painting

Painted with tiny dots

Everything except the little girl's dress in white

Using almost only primary colors (optical mixing)

The park used to be private, but after the French Revolution, it became public

Social mixing

Top hats to show the upper class

But other people in plain clothes who are working and middle class

On the edges of the painting, he only used blue and red

What art movement focused on time and the moment?

Impressionism

What scientific aspect did Neo-Impressionism and Post-Impressionism focus on?

The science of how the eye works with light

What technology was of interest to Neo-Impressionists?

Tubed paints

What technique did Neo-Impressionism use to create colors?

Optical mixing

What does optical mixing involve?

Using primary colors to build the whole rainbow

What new theories were explored in Neo-Impressionism?

Theories of color and how color affects our emotions

What subjects did Post-Impressionism explore?

Spaces of social mixing, mythology and religion, landscapes and nature

What concept intrigued Post-Impressionists that goes beyond sight?

The unseen (what isn't available to our sight)

What umbrella term covers a variety of styles in art?

Post-Impressionism

Redon- Pandora

Post-Impressionism-Jappinesma

Myth of Pandora (Greek myths)

She is told not to open a box, but she does it anyway

War, death, starvation, all come out of the box, and lastly hope

Supposed to be parallel to Eve

Want us to look at Pandora as a "Femme Fatale"

Reaction to women wanting to vote

Tries to show how women can be bad if they let women vote

Very abstract

Jappinesma with the outline of the woman

The background looks soft and like a Monet

The black spots and the tree in the background are a foreshadowing of what happens when she opens the box

Not deep thoughts like neoclassicism, but wants to use mythology as a theme of what's going on in the world

Van Gogh- Starry Night

Post-Impressionism

Landscape painting

Hills, Stars, the Moon, and buildings are shown

We can see wind in the painting when in real life we can't

Dilbert line work to help show motion

The painting's visual "vibrates" to show what he feels, not what he sees

The big black thing is a Cypress tree, but it also looks like fire

This is his way to show some type of danger

The colors are so vibrant because he had medicine that caused him to see the world more vibrantly

Very unique in his brush strokes are very unique, being very thick

Lautrec- At the Moulin Rouge

Post-Impressionism

He shows spaces he likes to hang out in

It was similar to a nightclub today

Lots of drugs

Dancers, theater, and art performances were all there

Sex workers were also available

There is social mixing in the place

At the table, there are both middle-class and upper-class people together

The lady in the back is a sex worker and is showing a lot of skin

Black Choker is a way to show if someone is a sexworker

Then, they became more of an upper-class thing

He is in the painting with his friend, walking out

The light makes her face blue

We are on the stage looking down at the people

Very critical of the aristocats because he was rejected by them

The green thing on the wall was mirror

What is modernity broadly defined as?

An era when modern technology, governments, aesthetics, etc. were most important.

What artistic movement is most commonly identified with the beginning of modernity?

Romanticism.

What is a key focus of modernity?

Contemporary events.

How did artists approach their work during modernity?

Artists were not just mimicking life; they emphasized artifice.

What major themes are associated with modernity?

Colonization and Global Capitalism.

What does Orientalism refer to in the context of modernity?

The waves of presenting and using non-European cultures by Europeans and European Americans.

What is Japonisme?

A specific aspect of Orientalism related to the influence of Japanese art on Western culture.

Name a modern technology that became significant during modernity.

Steel (I-beams).

What is another modern technology that played a role in modernity?

Plate Glass.

Which modern material is associated with advancements in technology?

Rubber.

What is Primitivism in the context of modernity?

The examination of non-European (especially African) and folk European art.

What claim is often made about Primitivism compared to Christian European culture?

Primitivism is claimed to be freer than Christian European culture.

How are culture and modernity related?

Culture plays a significant role in the understanding and development of modernity.

Van Gogh- Japonaiserie: Flowering Tree

modernity

Copy of a print in a painting

Copying characters that he thought looked cool

There were a lot of prints around that the artists took

Paxton- The palace of industry for all nations/ The crystal place

modernity

He was a greenhouse designer

Uses new technology

The queen of England commissions this

Open in the middle

Full trees in the middle of the building

Almost the whole building was glass

In 1950, this was completely unheard of

Coasted a whole lot of money

Put up in the height of England's colonial power

Modigliani- Reclining nude

Modernity

Venerable body position

Making the body more sexual

The texture has some Japanese in it

Excited for the Macks coming out of Africa

The face and color are off

The eyeballs are black to show she is wearing a mask

What does European Modernism come out of?

Modernity

What issue does European Modernism focus on in art?

The issue of 'truth' in art

What specific aspect of 'truth' does European Modernism emphasize?

'Truth' of artifice

What is the principle behind architecture in European Modernism?

'Form follows function'

What are the two main 'truths' that sculptors focus on in European Modernism?

Media and Form

What are the sub-themes in sculpture within European Modernism?

Direct carving vs modeling and 'Truth to materials'

What is the focus of painting in European Modernism?

Translating the 3D world into the 2D

What influences the painting style in European Modernism?

Abstraction in primitive art

Eiffel- The Eiffel Tower

European Modernism

Needed pulleys and levers to put the building together

Elevators were invented as a faster way to get up the tower

They went to Africa and took it instead of just buying it

People hated it

Intended to be temporary

"Naked building"

He wanted to highlight the support structures

Sullivan-Carson Pirie, Scott, Building

Modernism

Another department store

Designed to be a giant department store

7 floors of the building were the store

Upper floors were offices and stables

He wants the outside of the building to follow the structure

Carvings on the edge

Decorated with bronze

Bottom is different from the top

Wanted to make it obvious where to enter the building

Brancusi-The Newborn

European Modernism

Big open mouth

Just the head of the newborn

Also looks like an egg

The eyes are vertical lines

Humans come from eggs

Reduces the form of the newborn the a head and an egg

Baby is crying

Made out of marble

Has inclusions "imperfections"

Cezanne-Mont Sainte-victoire

European Modernism

Tries to show a 3-dimensional world

Thinking about how his body position affects the 3-dimensional world

Sees the underside of the leaves and then the front of the buildings

Leaves are abstract to show movement

Braque, Clarinet And Bottle of Rum on a Mantelpiece

European Modernism

Composition: The painting layers geometric planes to depict a mantelpiece viewed from multiple angles, with overlapping elements like a clarinet, bottle labeled "RHU" (short for rhum), a glass, and scrolls resembling sheet music. The diagonal lines radiate upward, creating a pyramidal structure.

Innovation: Though not a full collage, the work is noted for its early incorporation of stenciled text, foreshadowing Braque's later experiments with mixed media.

Style: Characteristic of Analytical Cubism, the painting employs monochromatic tones and fractured planes to compress depth, challenging traditional perspective

What is a key focus of Modernism in Europe?

Focus on issues of culture usually related to the medrat form

What is a characteristic of Modernism in Mexico?

Using modernist aesthetics to create a modern Mexican style

What theme is associated with Modernism in Mexico?

Indigenous prometrium

What is a goal of Modernism in Mexico?

Modern nation building

Who are notable figures in Mexican Modernism?

Mexican muralists

What is a characteristic of Modernism in the Caribbean?

Using modernity and avant-garde aesthetics

What cultural inspiration is found in Caribbean Modernism?

Permitism inspired by indigent people

What style is associated with Caribbean Modernism?

Jungle modernism

Rivera-detroit industry

Mexican Modernism

Politically rational

Comuniest

Wants are to be accessible to the people

Paid by the Ford family

They disagree in politics but like the assembly line

The people in the mural are real people and are portraits of them

The forms are abstract

Supposed to look like old Aztec gods

Showing people working

Showing how new tech can be good and bad

Showing the natural materials of the earth in the production of the car

Shows all the races

Fresco painting

Kahlo- self portrait on the borderline between Mexico and the United States

Mexican Modernism

Painted this while in Detroit with her husband

Showing the differences between the 2 continents

Showing detroit

Showing ancient ruins

The us has a lot of factories and industrial stuff

Trying to show the differences

The god in America is the flag

For the Mexicans, it's the son and moon

Lam-The jungle

Jungle modernism

Mixed ethnic heritage

Mix of Afro Caribbean aesthetics

You can see trees

As well, you can see people in the trees

What was a key goal of interwar modernism in the US?

To distinguish itself from Europe.

What movement is associated with the Harlem Renaissance?

The African American Arts Movement.

When did the Harlem Renaissance begin?

After World War I.

What factors contributed to the Harlem Renaissance?

Wealth gained by some Africans, leading to more access to education and art.

What was the largest movement of people in US history?

The migration of African Americans to the north due to industrialization.

What aspects did interwar modernism in the US focus on?

Things that are uniquely American.

What role did industrialization play in the migration of African Americans?

It provided economic opportunities that encouraged movement to the north.

O'Keeffe- Red Canna

US modernism

Making images of flowers in the summer

She didnt like the big city, so she went to the suburbs

She is zoomed in on the flower

Abstracts the image

Intrigued to see how we can see the world in a new way

Photographers would also do this

Supposed to look sexual

She denied it at the time period

Didnt want to be forced to paint one way

Zee- Couple Wearing Raccoon Coats with a Cadillac, Taken on West 127th Street, Harlem, NY

Harlem Renaissance

Photo

Showing wealthy black people showing their wealth

Fur coats

Cadillac was a very high-end car for that time

Wheels were 2 tones in color

As well, there is a lot of chrome to show wealth

Showing how black wealth and white wealth is different

Raccoon fur wasn't a very common type of coat

Showing because it's a status symbol for their community

Douglas-Aspects of Negro Life: From Slavery Through Reconstruction

Harlem Renaissance

The most famous painter

Commissioned for a new library in Harlem

The New Deal put a lot of libraries and post offices around the US

They tried to make the libraries look beautiful to stand out against Europe and to get more artists more work

The people look like they have masks on

Trying to show heritage

Using African masks to kinda take back their heritage

Read the painting left to right

We see people in white robes

As well, we see people picking cotton

In the middle, we are supposed to see the Civil War

The person with the paper is Abraham Lincoln

On the right, we see free slaves

Savage-La Citadelle: Freedom

Harlem Renaissance

Sculpture

She is an educator in Harlem

Citadelle is a reference to the Haitian revolution

Seen as a liberation

She is supposed to be a symbol of freedom

She is balanced, which with bronze is hard

Supposed to be a reaction to European sculpting

Wood-American Gothic

US modernism

Subgenera of modernism called regionilism

Wood is a key figure

Subject matter is uniquely American

Everything looks close and flat

Supposed to show a farming generic couple

Sober expression

Suposed to compare the the eroupans

We see some things too show public education

Jenas are a uniquely American culture

The rest of the clothes are to show he has taste

The woman has a brooch, which was a very European

This is to show she is educated

The window is a Gothic-style window

Trying to say Americans are serious

Lange-Migrant Mother Nipomo

US modernism

Portrait artist

She was hired under the New Deal

The Dust Bowl caused a lot of farmers to go broke

The new deal sent people to the farmers to take their picture

Trying to justify to people to keep paying taxes

The woman had 7 children

She was also a widow

This image was featured in Time magazine

Encouraged her to make her look sad to make people feel worse and still pay

Part of a series

What is the main goal of Modernist photography?

To establish photography as its own high art medium.

What does Modernist photography seek to highlight?

The unique qualities of the photographic medium.

What concept refers to the truthful representation in photography?

Indexicality.

What type of process is photography considered in Modernist art?

A mechanical process.

What artistic movement does Modernist photography draw inspiration from?

Impressionism.

What is a characteristic of Modernist photography regarding editing?

It relies on heavy editing.

What is the term for photography that imitates painting?

Pictorial photography.

Stieglitz- The Steerage

Modernist photography

Working class people are on the steerage

Showing people moving to America

Poor women wear head covers, that's why they are wearing them

Plain clothes

They had to do laundry themselves

The frame allows us to look around the image

Wants you to think this is exactly what he took

But was edited

He is able to get bringt brights and dark darks

Very hard to get the range of gray tones that he got

Weston-Pepper No. 30

Modernist photography

American artist

Zooming in to make it look like a body

Black and white

Looks like skin

Looks like a human torso

Artists looking for how perspective can change your idea of an image

Strand-abstraction porch

Modernist photography

He changes the frame

Makes us look down to change perspective

By shifting down, we see an abstract comp

This makes the cool view of a normal thing

It is a image of a normal poarch

Nagy- from the radio tower in Berlin

Modernist photography

2 different seasons

Winter and summer

We see the same fountain, but it looks different

Summer is trying to show the gray

In the winter, it is supposed highlight the lights and drake

He is showing high contrast levels

Rodchenko- Shadows on the pavement

Modernist photography

He is looking down at the sidewalk

The left is the street

We see the people looking down

3 sections of the building

Photogray is able to show that it can be abstract

What is the Avant-Gardes movement in art?

A movement in art that is trying to use art to make social change.

How are the Avant-Gardes often described?

As integrating life and art.

What foundational texts do most Avant-Gardes have?

Manifestos.

What do most Avant-Gardes integrate with their aesthetics?

Modernist aesthetics, but they disagree with the themes.

What is Futurism in the context of the Avant-Gardes?

An Avant-Garde movement embracing violence to move society out of the past.

What themes does Futurism emphasize?

Violence, speed, new technology, etc.

What does Futurism oppose?

Religion, marriage, women's voting rights, and museums.