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48 Terms
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1
Social psychology
The scientific study of how we think about, influence, & relate to one another.
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2
Person perception
How we form impressions of ourselves & others, including attributions of behavior.
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3
Attribution theory
Theory explaining behavior by crediting situational or dispositional factors.
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4
Fundamental attribution error
Tendency to underestimate situational impact and overestimate personal disposition.
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5
Actor-observer bias
Tendency for actors to attribute their behavior to external causes, while observers attribute it to internal causes.
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6
Mere exposure effect
Increased liking for stimuli due to repeated exposure.
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7
Prejudice
An unjustifiable negative attitude toward a group and its members.
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8
Stereotype
Generalized belief about a group of people.
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9
Discrimination
Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members.
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10
Just-world phenomenon
Belief that the world is just and people get what they deserve.
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11
Social identity
The 'we' aspect of our self-concept from group memberships.
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12
Ingroup
'Us'—people with whom we share a common identity.
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13
Outgroup
'Them'—those perceived as different from our ingroup.
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14
Ingroup bias
Tendency to favor our own group.
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15
Scapegoat theory
Theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing a target to blame.
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16
Other-race effect
Tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than others.
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17
Attitudes
Feelings that predispose responses toward objects, people, & events.
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18
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Tendency for people agreeing to a small request to comply with a larger one later.
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19
Door-in-the-face phenomenon
Tendency for people denying a large request to comply with a smaller one later.
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20
Role
A set of expectations about a social position and behavior.
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21
Cognitive dissonance theory
Theory that we act to reduce discomfort from inconsistent thoughts.
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22
Persuasion
Changing people’s attitudes to influence their actions.
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23
Peripheral route persuasion
Influence driven by incidental cues, such as speaker attractiveness.
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24
Central route persuasion
Influence from thoughtful consideration of evidence and arguments.
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25
Norms
Society’s understood rules for accepted & expected behavior.
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26
Conformity
Adjusting behavior to match group standards.
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27
Normative social influence
Influence driven by desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
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28
Informational social influence
Influence stemming from acceptance of others’ opinions about reality.
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29
Obedience
Complying with an order or command.
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30
Social facilitation
Improved performance on well-learned tasks in the presence of others.
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31
Social loafing
Tendency to exert less effort when in a group than when alone.
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32
Deindividuation
Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations.
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33
Group polarization
Enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion.
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34
Groupthink
Mode of thinking where harmony in a group overrides realistic appraisal.
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35
Culture
Enduring behaviors, ideas, and traditions shared by a group.
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36
Tight culture
Culture with clearly defined and reliably imposed norms.
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37
Loose culture
Culture with flexible and informal norms.
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38
Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology
Application of psychological methods to optimize workplace behavior.
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39
Altruism
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
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40
Bystander effect
Tendency for bystanders to be less likely to help when others are present.
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41
Social exchange theory
Theory suggesting that social behavior is an exchange process.
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42
Reciprocity norm
Expectation that people will help those who have helped them.
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43
Social-responsibility norm
Expectation that people will help those needing assistance.
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44
Conflict
Perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.
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45
Social trap
Situation in which parties engaged in self-interest engage in mutually destructive behavior.
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46
Mirror-image perceptions
Mutual views held by conflicting parties.
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47
Self-fulfilling prophecy
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment due to a person's actions.
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48
Superordinate goals
Shared goals that override differences and require cooperation.
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