PSYC 1F90: Textbook

uncritical acceptance

the tendency to believe claims because they seem true or because it would be nice if they were true

desirable terms

terms that are outlined are biased towards the person that the concept is being described to

confirmation bias

tendency to remember or notice things that confirm our expectations

pseudoscience

unfounded belief system that seems to be based on science

clinical

treatment pf psychological and behaviour disturbences

counselling

treatment of milder emotional and behaviour disturbances

psychiatrist

a medical doctor with training in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders

psychoanalyst

a mental health professional (usually a MD) trained to practice psychoanalysis

counsellor

a mental health professional who specializes in helping people with problems that do not invoice serious mental disorders

scientific observation

investigation in a systematic way

casual obersvation

gathers empirical evidence

introspection

personal observation of your own thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

structuralism

the study of sensations and personal experience analyzed as basic elements

imageless thought

a term describing the inability of introspections to become subjectively aware of some mental processes

cognitive unconscious

the part if the mind of which we are subjectively unaware and that is not open to introspection

wertheimer

gestalt psychology— study of thinking, learning, and perception in whole units but not analysis into parts

james

functionalism— school of psychology that considers behaviour in terms of active adaptations

watson

behaviourism— school of thoughts in psychology that emphasized study of observable actions over study of the mind

skinner

radical behaviourism— approach that reject both introspection and any study of mental events (like thinking)

freud

psychoanalytic psychology— out behaviour is influenced by unconscious thoughts, impulses, and desires

cognitive

cognitive psychology— the study of information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving

maslow

humanistic psychology— study of people as inherently good and motivated to learn and self improve

dynamic unconscious

the parts of the mind that are beyond awareness, especially in conflicts impulses and desires not directly known to a person

psychoanalysis

approach to psychotherapy emphasizing the exploration of the unconscious

psychodynamic theory

any theory of behaviour that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces

operational definition

defining a scientific concept by stating the specific actions or procedures used to measure it

determinism

the idea that all behaviour has prior causes that would completely explain ones choices and actions

free will

the ability to freely make choices that are not controlled by genetics, learning, or unconscious forces; humans are able to make their own choices

self- actualization

the process of fully developing personal potentials

the biological perspective

seeks to explain behaviours in terms of biological principles like genetics, brain processes, and evolution

the psychological perspective

views behaviour as the result of psychological processes with another

the social perspective

stresses the impact that social contexts— like crowds, groups, and cultures have on human behaviour

self- report

asking a question and participants write their own response, sample may be taken

observational

data that comes from watching participants and recording their behaviour

observational: structured

observing situations made up by the researcher

observational: observer effect

changes in organisms when they realized their being observed

observational: observer bias

tendency of an observer distorting observations to match their perception

physiological

data that comes from participants processes (brain, heart, muscles, hormone)

secure attachment

a stable and positive emotional bond

insecure avoidant attachment

an anxious emotion marked by a tendency to avoid reunion

insecure- ambivalent attachment

an anxious emotional bond marked by both a desire to with parent and some resistance to be reunited

when can babies read expression

36-48 months

dominant

a gene whose influence will be expressed each time the gene is present

recessive

a gene whose influence will be expressed only when paired with a second recessive gene of the same type

neutral stimulus

conditoned stimulus

neutral stimulus that through pairing with unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a learned response

conditioned response

learned reaction elicited by pairing an originally neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus

extinction

weakening of a learned response after its apparent extinction

spontaneous recovery

reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction

stimulus generalization

tendency to respond to stimuli similar to a conditioned response

stimulus descrimination

the learned ability to respond differently to similar stimulus

what system is 1

attention

what system is 2

maintenance rehearsal

what system is 3

encoding

what system is 4

retrieval

chunking

process of grouping similar or meaningful information together

maintenance rehearsal

repeating information over and over to keep it active in short term memory

encoding: rote rehearsal

learning by simple repetition

encoding: elaborative rehearsal

making memories that are meaningful through processing that encodes links between new information and existing memories and knowledge

storing information in LTM according to meaning

meaning of individual words

the idea that information is being stored as a set of abstract concepts and properties based on what the information means to you

retrieval cue

any information that can prompt or trigger the retrieval of particular memories— enhance memory

reintegration

process by which memories are reconstructed or expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of association to other

spreading activation

when ideas are further apart in the network and it takes a longer chain of associations to connect them during the process of spreading activation

muscle memory

how to do things that require motor or performance skills

classical and instrumental conditioning

stored in LTM and we draw on those memories automatically with no conscious awareness

priming

would have activated memories that you have stored and are ‘sleeping’ in your LTM

flashbulb memory

especially vivid and detailed recollection of an emotional event

state dependent learning

memory influenced by ones physical state at the time of learning and at the time of retrieval

interference

the tendency for more information/ memories to impair retrieval of older memories and reverse

motivated forgetting

repression— forgetting specific memories

unconscious forgetting due to emotion