Correctional Systems and Practices Exam 2

What is house arrest typically used as? What are most correctional clients under house arrest fitted with?

the initial phase of intensive probation or parole supervision, and an alternative to pretrial detention or jail, they are often fitted with an electronic monitoring device

Can halfway houses serve as an intermediate sanction for offenders not sent to prison by needing more supervision than what parole or probation can provide?

Yes, they are also known as community residential centers, and their current operation may be by corrections personnel or faith-based organizations

What is most likely to occur in environments where administrators do not closely monitor staff and offenders have little contact with the outside world?

abuse of power

What is reentry?

the process of reintegrating offenders into their communities regardless of whether they were integrated into them in a prosocial way before they entered prison

Phase 1-Protect and Prepare- Use of institution-based programs designed to prepare for reentry to society• Phase 2-Control and Restore- Use of community-based transition programs to work with offenders prior to and immediately following release• Phase 3-Sustain and Support- Use of community-based long term support programs designed to connect offenders no longer under supervision

How does the general public feel about corrections work as a profession?

they are not seen as a profession by the general pubic, police officers and corrections officers are not paid equally

Define parole and how is it practiced in the United States?

the practice of releasing convicted criminals from prison prior to completion of their full sentence

What is the downside of unconditional release in parole?

the inmates have less incentive to enter rehabilitation programs

what does the parole board consider when they are deciding to grant parole?

Assess a variety of information about an inmate, Interview him/her at hearing, Gain face to face insight about inmate, Many factors considered, most likely to err on the side of caution

What is discretion?

The ability to make choices and to act or not act on them

What is discretionary parole?

Parole is granted to an offender after a board chooses and votes to release the offender, When deciding to parole, the board considers the original presentence report, nature of the offense of incarceration, indication that the offender is repentant

What are the concerns raised regarding the unionization of correctional officers?

Provides for better pay and more benefits????

What is the Stanford Prison Project? Did it fail or succeed?

Volunteer students with No training were Divided into two groups, Officers and Inmates, was stopped early after a few days, lessons learned: power, students quickly began to abuse their power after 3 days

Who developed an extensive code of ethics for correctional officers?

The American Corrections Association

What did Dahl (1961) define "power"?

as being able to"get people to do what they otherwise wouldn't"

What happened in the Abu Ghraib Scandal?

Prisoners tortured by mostly untrained"correctional officers" in American operated military prisons in Iraq, Prisoners made to sleep naked, crawl on floor, pose for pictures in pyramids (naked), were deprived of food and basic necessities, and torture

Inmates in minimum security prisons are usually?

close to their release date

Are prison gangs a recent development in prison?

Have long history in prisons, they are NOT a recent development

Prisoners residing in maximum-security facilities are more subject to the pains of imprisonment?

Programming allowed but more supervision that medium-security prisons, Inmates may or may not be double-bunked

What is the process of prisonization? Define prison subculture.

When inmates adopt subculture of institution, A subset of culture within a prison that has its own norms, values, beliefs, traditions, and even language

What was the bloodiest prison riot in American history?

Attica, New York prison riot of 1971

How has the legalization of marijuana impacted the prison population?

Prison populations are declining in some areas due to the legalization of marijuana, changes in sentencing for crack vs powder cocaine?????

What are the two main roles of probation and parole officers?

social worker and law enforcement officers

What is intensive supervision? Define work release and shock probation.

Involves more frequent surveillance of a probationer and is typically limited to more serious offenders,

Designed to control offenders in a secure environment while allowing them to maintain employment

Involves being sentenced to prison, serving a short period of time (90 days), and then being released on probation

Probation officers are officers of the ____________?

court

Prisons are designed to house?

long-term and convicted offenders

What is the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003?

Mandated collection of data of sexual assaults, Identify facilities with high levels of victimization

What are the characteristics of new-generation jails?

Rounded or "podular" rounded architecture for living units, is believed to complement the ability to supervise,
Living units with direct supervision, negates ability of inmates to control units

What is a judicial reprieve?

A delay in sentencing following a conviction that eventually became permanent

What afforded the judges the ability to suspend sentences and place convicted individuals on probation?

National Probation Act of 1925

Job stress for probation officers may eventually to what?

psychological withdrawal from the job, shortchanging probationers and the community, Frequent absenteeism• High rates of employee turnover

How does the general public view probation in relation to crime?

"soft on crime"

What leads to the increase of low-level drug sellers and minorities in jails?

the war on drugs, Increased the population of low-level drug sellers in jail

Who is most likely to be sexually victimized in jail?

women are twice as likely, Those with mental illness much more likely

Who has been in existence longer, jails or prisons?

jails have been around longer

Who is becoming the community mental health facility for the mentally ill?

jails

What is the Affordable Care Act?

Requirement for jails to provide medical and mental health care

According to the 1976 case of Estelle v. Gamble, what do prisoners have the right to?

inmates have the constitutional right to medical care

What were jails originally developed for?

originally developed to hold the accused for trial.

What cases or lawsuits do the prisoners stand the best chance of winning?

overcrowding lawsuits

How are jails attempting to deal with the challenges of mentally ill offenders?

passing of the Community Mental Health Act, most institutions are ill-equipped to handle mentally ill patients, crisis intervention

How do correctional institutions typically classify transgender offenders?

By their original sex at birth

Protecting the sexual orientation of inmates presents a challenge for administrators, Especially in male prisons, Women's prisons appear to be more accepting of both lesbian and transgender inmates

What are the unintended consequences of get-tough laws?

less incarceration of serious offenders due to lack of space