Anatomy 102 Blood and the introduction to the Lymphatic system

Blood and the introduction to the Lymphatic system

Blood is classified as a(n)_____ tissue.

connective

What does the hematocrit of a blood sample indicate?

The percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood

What is the meaning of the root words hema- and hemo- (such as in the term hemoglobin)?

blood

What is hematopoiesis?

The production of blood cells

Hematopoietic stem cells, also called_____are responsible for the production of all formed elements of the blood.

hemocytoblasts

The percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood is the_____. The typical value for this is about 45%.

hematocrit

Name the two cell types that directly result from the division of hematopoietic stem cells.

• Lymphoid stem cells

• Myeloid stem cells

Which root word means blood?

hema-

Red blood cells are biconcave in shape. List three advantages that this shape confers upon the RBCs.

• The cells can readily squeeze through narrow capillaries.

• There is an increased surface area for diffusion of gases.

• The cell membrane is close to hemoglobin molecules.

The process by which new blood cells form is called

Hematopoiesis

Oxyhemoglobin appears______ in color; deoxyhemoglobin appears______.

bright red; darker red

Hematopoietic stem cells, or hemocytoblasts, are responsible for the production of all formed elements. Where are these cells located?

In the red bone marrow

Hemocytoblasts divide, giving rise to cells called______ stem cells and ______ stem cells.

myeloid; lymphoid

Abnormal red blood cell counts (RBCCs) have which consequence on health?

Altered oxygen-carrying capability of blood

Which characteristic of red blood cells allows oxygen to more easily reach hemoglobin molecules within the cytoplasm?

The biconcave shape

The ______ is the number of red blood cells in a microliter of blood.

red blood cell count

Under what conditions does the rate of erythropoiesis increase?

When oxygen levels in blood decrease

The hormone erythropoietin (EPO) controls the rate of red blood cell formation through______feedback mechanisms.

negative

Which type of cell cannot divide because it lacks a nucleus?

Mature red blood cell

The red blood cell count (RBCC) is the number of red blood cells in

a microliter of blood

Prolonged low blood oxygen in adults causes the______ and______ to release erythropoietin (EPO), which in turn stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

kidneys; liver

Hemolytic anemia is characterized by ____

a destruction of red blood cell

Why does the availability of B complex vitamins, such as folic acid and B12, influence erythropoiesis?

They are needed for DNA synthesis during cell division.

The condition resulting from bone marrow destruction due to radiation, medications, or cancer is called______anemia.

aplastic

Identify two functions that red blood cells are unable to perform because they lack organelles and nuclei.

• Protein synthesis

• Cell division

With the condition called ______, the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced.

anemia

The spleen and the liver contain ______ that remove______ from the blood.

macrophages; old erythrocytes

An anemic person may appear pale and lack energy due to the reduced
_____-carrying capacity of the blood. 

oxygen

The blood protein that is made up of four globin chains and four heme groups is____

hemoglobin

Hemolytic anemia is characterized by _____

a destruction of red blood cells

Bilirubin and biliverdin are ___

bile pigments

Macrophages destroy old red blood cells in the______ and ______.

liver; spleen

Leukocytes develop from hematopoietic stem cells in the ____

red bone marrow

The spleen and the liver contain ______ that remove ______ from the blood.

macrophages; old erythrocytes

Diapedesis is the movement of leukocytes out of ____

blood vessels

Old blood cells are removed from the blood by what two organs?

• Spleen

• Liver

Which two statements describe the development of white blood cells?

• They develop in the red bone marrow.

• They develop from hematopoietic stem cells.

What explains why only old RBCs are destroyed in the spleen.

Old RBCs rupture in the narrow channels of the spleen because they are no longer flexible or resilient.

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are categorized as granulocytes since they contain cytoplasmic _____

granules

Which statement describes the nucleus of a mature neutrophil?

A mature neutrophil has a lobed nucleus.

When does positive chemotaxis occur?

When damaged cells release chemicals that attract leukocytes

Which of the following would be found in the thick fluid called pus that accumulates at an area of injury?

Damaged host cells

• Bacteria

• Leukocytes
  

The term polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) refers to a type of leukocyte called a(n)

neutrophil

What is MALT?

unencapsulated diffuse lymphatic tissue found in various mucosae

Cell types found in lymphatic tissue are

lymphocytes and macrophages

Clusters of lymph nodules found within the mucosa of the distal small intestine are called____patches

Peyers

All leukocytes can be classified into one of two major groups: the

granulocytes and agranulocytes

Which type of white blood cell is the first to arrive at an infection site and can aggressively kill bacteria by creating a respiratory burst?

neutrophils

What distinguishes granulocytes from other types of white blood cells?

Visible granules are present in the cytoplasm.

Which organelle is abundant in neutrophils, allowing these cells to break down captured bacteria?

Lysosomes

The type of leukocyte that has a lobed nucleus (two to five segments) and fine cytoplasmic granules that appear light purple is called a(n)

neutrophil

Basophils migrate to damaged tissues where they release ______ (which promotes inflammation) and ______ (which inhibits blood clotting).

histamine; heparin

The chemical called ______, released by white blood cells called ______, causes vasodilation to speed blood flow to the injured area.

histamine; basophils

Indicate two characteristics of neutrophils.

• They phagocytize bacteria.

• They are the most abundant leukocytes in a typical blood sample.

Leukocytes that lack visible granules in their cytoplasm include

lymphocytes and monocytes

Indicate two characteristics of basophils.

• They release heparin.

• They release histamine.

Usually, the largest type of leukocyte (based on size) found circulating in the blood is the

monocytes

When does positive chemotaxis occur?

When damaged cells release chemicals that attract leukocytes

In order to break down captured bacteria, an organelle found in abundance in macrophages is the

lysosomes

A compound released by basophils that causes dilation of blood vessels is

histamine

Which two types of leukocytes are agranulocytes?

• Lymphocytes

• Monocytes

Indicate two characteristics of lymphocytes.

• They are long-lived cells (can live for years).

• They are agranulocytes.

What are two types of lymphocytes?

• B cells

• T cells

Monocytes are the ______ of the different types of leukocytes.

largest

What is the function of T lymphocytes?

They directly attack microorganisms and tumor cells.

Which type of white blood cell leaves the bloodstream, migrates into certain tissues, and transforms into macrophages?

monocyte

Which type of white blood cell produces antibodies that attack foreign molecules?

B lymphocytes

When a monocyte leaves the bloodstream, and migrates into a particular tissue, it transforms into

a macrophage

What type of leukocyte accounts for about 25-33% of the circulating leukocytes?

lymphocytes

The term for a white blood cell count above 10,500 cells per microliter is

leukocytosis

The major types of ______ are T-cells and B-cells, both important in immunity.

lymphocytes

Cells called______ are able to directly attack microorganisms, tumor cells, and transplanted cells.

T lymphocytes

Indicate two causes of leukopenia.

• Infections

• Poisoning (lead, arsenic or mercury poisoning)

What is a differential white blood cell count?

The percentages of each type of leukocyte within a blood sample

Which of the following would suggest the presence of an acute infection?

A rise in the number of circulating white blood cells

The number of ______ may increase during bacterial infections. The number of ______ may increase during parasitic infections or allergic reactions. The number of ______ may decrease in HIV infection and AIDS.

neutrophils; eosinophils; lymphocytes

The condition called______ is a WBC count below 3,500 cells per microliter.

leukopenia

Which of the following options correctly describes myeloid leukemia?

a form of cancer that results in very high numbers of granulocytes and their poorly differentiated precursors in the blood

Which two statements describe a differential white blood cell count?

• It lists the percentages of the types of leukocytes in a blood sample.

• It is useful for diagnosing whether an illness is due to a bacterial infection or allergic reaction.

Platelets are fragments of very large cells called

megakaryocyte

Name the type of formed element that is important in the repair of damaged blood vessels.

Platelets

The cancerous disease called______ results in large numbers of leukocytes and their poorly differentiated precursors being released into the blood.

leukemia

The functions of ______ include transport of nutrients and gases, and regulation of pH.

plasma

Which type of cell develops extensions that tear and produce cell fragments called platelets?

A megakaryocyte

Albumin, fibrinogen, and globulins are the three main categories of ______.

plasma proteins

Which is an important function of platelets?

They help during the repair of damaged blood vessels.

Albumins are the most abundant plasma proteins (by weight) and are synthesized in the

liver

The antibodies made during an immune responses are

gamma globulins

Which two are the most important blood gases?

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

Choose four functions of plasma.

• It regulates fluid and electrolyte balance.

• It promotes pH homeostasis.

• It transports nutrients and vitamins.

• It transports gases.

The term_____is the general term that means the cessation (or stoppage) of bleeding.

hemostasis

Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen are examples of plasma ____

proteins

Which is the most abundant type of plasma protein?

Albumin

The ______ globulins function to transport fats, while the ______ globulins function as antibodies during an immune response.

alpha and beta; gamma

Clotting factors are important in the process of_____

coagulation

What is the best definition of the term hemostasis?

stoppage of bleeding

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and______ are three hemostatic mechanisms.

coagulation

What is the result of the process of coagulation?

Formation of a blood clot

Vitamin _____ is vital to the function of certain clotting factors.

K

Which molecule is the precursor to fibrin?

Fibrinogen