subcultures: topic 1- theoretical views

functionalist views on youth subcultures

• parsons: period of transition, school acts as bridge

• Eisenstadt: release stress involving uncertainty of adulthood- temporarily rebel, low-level deviance

• Raszak: generation gap- different n+v’s, youth united by similarities

functionalist evaluation

• Hall and Jefferson: ignores how w/c resist u/c

• Hockney and James: assume everyone within an age group conforms to n+v’s

• Cloward and Ohlin: adult leaders of criminal subcultures, train youth to be lifelong

neo marxist views on youth subcultures

• Hall and Jefferson: youth able to resist u/c values. Resit through joining subcultures, e.g. punks. leave in adulthood once frustration is released

• Hebdige: express resistance through symbols. Capitalism incorporates symbols into mainstream fashion/ music

• Clarke: Skinheads- magically recover w.c. community

evaluation for marxists

• Eisenstadt: rebel on a minor scale to adjust to n+v, not related to u/c

• Cohen: Marxists’ views affected by researcher bias

• Muggleton: Class is no longer significant

feminism views on subcultures

• McRobbie: bedroom culture- teeny bop culture

• Hey: hyper femininity

• lees: behaviour regulated by fear of slut shaming

feminist evaluation

• klein: particpate in gang culture

• jackson: ladette

• archer: hypersexual image more important

postmodernist views on subcultures

• maffesoli: neo tribes,mixed, loosely attached

• polhemus: supermarket of style

• muggleton: class, gender etc. no longer significant

postmodernist evaluation

• sewell: still organised based on trad lines of identity

• willis: construct similar identities, ordinary

• brown:older, trad subcultures still exist