Psychology SAC 2B

Classical Conditioning

occurs through repeated association of two different stimuli to produce a naturally occurring response

Operant Conditioning

a type of learning whereby the consequences of a behaviour determine the likelihood that it will be performed again in the future.

Positive Reinforcement

addition of a desirable stimulus which increases behaviour repeating

Positive Punishment

addition of an undesirable stimulus which decreases behaviour repeating

Negative Punishment

removal of a desirable stimulus which decreases behaviour repeating

Negative Reinforcement

removal of an undesirable stimulus which increases behaviour repeating

Observational Learning

is a socio-cognitive approach to learning that occurs when an individual see's a models action and the consequences of those actions and this guides their own future behaviour.

Types of Reinforcement (observational)

intrinsic reinforcement, vicarious reinforcement and extrinsic reinforcement.

Memory Definition

the process of encoding, storing and retrieving information that has been previously encountered

Sensory Memory

a store of memory that very briefly store raw information detected by senses

Iconic Memory

stores visual sensory information, the duration is around 0.2-0.4 seconds and the capacity is virtually unlimited.

Echoic Memory

stores auditory information, the duration is around 3-4 second and the capacity is virtually unlimited.

Short-Term Memory

a store of memory that temporarily stores a limited amount of information that is consciously being attended to and actively manipulated. The duration is up to 30 seconds and the capacity is 5-9 items.

Chunking

is grouping information together to increase capacity of STM

Displacement

occurs when the capacity of STM is full and older memories are lost

Decay

memories that are not actively focused and thought about in STM fade.

Long-Term Memory

a store of memory in which potentially unlimited amount of information is stored for a relatively permanent amount of time.

Explicit memory

a type of long term memory that is formed and retrieved intentionally and with conscious effort. Includes semantic and episodic memory.

Implicit Memory

a type of long term memory that is formed and retrieved without conscious effort. Includes procedural memory and emotional conditioning.

Mnemonics

a system of techniques or strategies implemented to consciously improve memory.

Acronyms

are words formed from the first letter of each word to be remembered.

Acrostic

are phrases in which the first letter of each word functions as a cue to help with recall

Method Of Loci

converts items into mental images and associated them with specific locations to aid memory.

Alzheimer's definition

a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of neurons in the hippocampus which causes memory loss.

Songlines

are sung narratives of the landscapes that weave across the Country and enable every significant place in the Aboriginal Dreaming to be known.

Differences between songlines and method of loci

Songlines are deeply tied to land, whereas method of loci is not. Songlines are integral to the culture of aboriginal peoples, whereas method of loci is not. Songlines are creates by communities, whereas the method of loci is generally created by individuals.

Country

refers to the living system of all entities that exist in the universe. People are only one part of country and are embedded in relationships with more than human entities within its system

Kinship

is a system that determines how people relate to one another and their surroundings, with the aim of creating a cohesive and harmonious community.

8 ways of learning framework

story sharing, learning maps, reconstruct/deconstruct, symbols and imagery and non verbal

Role of Hippocampus in memory

encodes and consolidates explicit memories and then transfers these memories to the neocortex for long term storage. Also interacts with amygdala to play a role in the formation of emotional memories particularly the explicit memory component.

Role of Amygdala in memory

strengthens, encodes, consolidates and retrieves emotional memories. Amygdala releases noradrenalin which signals to hippocampus if event is emotionally significant.

Role of Neocortex in memory

stores both short term and long term memories. The storage of memories tend to be in the areas where the information was first processed. Formation of short-term declarative memories and storage of long term declarative memories. Formation and storage of procedural memories.

Role of Cerebellum in memory

involved in the processing of memories related to learned motor skills and habits. Stores implicit procedural memories.

Role of Basal Ganglia in memory

encoding and retrieval of long-term implicit memories involving motor skills. Stores procedural memories of practiced voluntary actions.

Amyloid Plaque

plaque build up on the outside of neurons which blocks communication causing neurons to die.

Neurofibrillary tangles

tangles within a neuron which inhibits transmission of nutrients and blocks communication, causing neurons to die.

Autobiographical memory

is a memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individuals life based on a combination of episodic and semantic memory.

Episodic Future thinking

projecting yourself forwards to pre-experience an event that might happen in the future based on past events and knowledge.

Aphantasia definition

a phenomenon in which individuals lack the capacity to form mental imagery.

Aphantasia affect on memory

leads to a reduced ability to recall episodic memory and their autobiographical memories are less vivid and have difficulty imagining futures.