Honors bio unit 9 all vocab and terms

evolution

change over time

fossils

preserved remains of ancient organisms

extinct species

those that have died out

paleontologists

researchers who study fossils to learn about ancient life

biogeography

study of where organisms live now and where their ancestors lived in the past

geologic time scale

timeline of earths early history

-based on relative and absolute dating of fossils

major divisions of the geologic time scale:

eons

eras

periods

earths early atmosphere

little or no oxygen

mainly CO2, nitrogen, water vapor

not good for life

what did miller and urey try to recreate

earths living conditions

their experiment was found to be incorrect

endosymbiosis theory

proposes that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiotic relationship among several different prokaryotic cells

epoch

section of a period

earths age

4.5 billion years old

geologists

earth is ancient and changes over time

biologist

life on earth changes as earth changes

Charles Darwin

developed a scientific theory of biological evolution; explains how modern organisms evolved over long periods of time through decent from common ancestors

darwin’s three patterns of biological diversity

specifies vary globally

species vary locally

species vary over time

artificial selection

selective breeding of plants and animals to produce desired traits

natural selection

process by which organisms with variations most suited to their local environment survive and leave more offspring

homologous structures

common structure, different function

homologous structure example

front limbs of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

analogous structures

common function, different structure

vestigial structures

structured i hearted from ancestors; lost much or all of their original function

examples of analogous structures

the wing of a bee and bird

examples of vestigial structured

hip bones of bottle nose dolphins

comparative embryology

early developmental stages of the same groups of cells in the same order in similar patterns of many animals

gene pool

all of the genes and the alleles of the gene that occur in a population

allel frequency

# of times a specific allel occurs in a gene pool compared to the number of times other allels for it to occur

genetic drift

a random change in allel frequency due to chance occurrences

bottle neck effect

due to a dramatic reduction in population size (disease, disaster)

founder effect

due to the migration of a small subgroup of the population (colonize new habitat)

genetic equilibrium

maintaining the frequency of allele in a population from one generation to the next

five conditions treaties to maintain genetic equilibrium

1- population must be large

2- no mutations

3- random mating

4- no movement into or out of the population

5- non natural selection

directional selection

individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness

stabilizing selection

individuals at the center of curve have high fitness

disruptive selection

individuals at both ends of the curve have higher fitness