UCF Biomedical Exit Exam

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic

- larger, complex

- contains membrane bound organelles

- contains nucleus

Eukaryotic

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic

- Smaller, less complex

- no membrane bound organelles

- no nucleus

prokayotic

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic

(circular, linear)

In eukaryotic organisms, DNA is ______ in chromosomes

linear

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic

(circular, linear)

In prokaryotic organisms, DNA is ______ and is not packed chromosomes

circular

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic

Which one has 80S ribosomes?

Eukaryotic

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic

Which one has 70S ribosomes?

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic

Which one replicates via mitosis and meiosis?

eukaryotic

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic

Which one replicates via binary fission?

prokaryotic

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic

Which one has DNA that is tightly wrapped around histone proteins?

Eukaryotic

Eubacteria vs. Archaea

- Domain of unicellular prokaryotes whose cells walls are made up of peptidoglycan (Gram + / Gram -)

- Thrives in normal conditions

Eubacteria

Eubacteria vs. Archaea

- Domain of unicellular prokaryotes whose cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan

- Thrives in extreme conditions

Archaea

Eubacteria vs. Archaea

Which one has a lipid bilayer as their cell membrane?

eubacteria

Eubacteria vs. Archaea

Which one has a lipid monolayer as their cell membrane?

Archaea

Eubacteria vs. Archaea

Which one contains histones?

archaea

Eubacteria vs. Archaea

Which one is more similar to eukaryotes?

Archaea

Endospores vs. Capsules vs. Flagella

A dormant, thick-walled, and non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria typically due to lack of nutrients

endospore

Endospores vs. Capsules vs. Flagella

Protects a bacterial cell from ingestion and destruction by WBC's (prevents phagocytosis)

capsules

Endospores vs. Capsules vs. Flagella

Long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility

flagella

Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative

- Thick peptidoglycan layer

- No outer membrane

Gram-positive

Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative

- Thin peptidoglycan layer

- Has 2 membranes (outer and inner)

Gram-negative

Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative

Which one contains teichoic acids?

Gram-positive

Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative

Which one contains LPS and porins?

Gram-negative

Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative

Which one stains blue/purple?

Gram-positive

Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative

Which one stains pinkish/red?

Gram-negative

Microorganisms Growth Phases

What are the four phases of growth?

lag, log, stationary, death

Microorganisms Growth Phases

Which phase is considered to be the "exponential phase"

log

Microorganisms Growth Phases

During this phase:

- Population size remains constant

- Metabolically active

- Little growth

lag

Microorganisms Growth Phases

During this phase:

- Cell population increases logarithmically

- Exponential growth

log

Microorganisms Growth Phases

During this phase:

- Population size is constant

- Some cells are dying and others are dividing

stationary

Microorganisms Growth Phases

During this phase:

- Population size is decreasing logarithmically

- Total lack of nutrients and reproduction stops

- Death rate exceeds division rate

death

Microorganisms Growth

The time it takes for a population to double in number is considered the _______ time

generation

Type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells

binary fission

Macromolecules

- These macromolecules contain H, O, N, C, and P and they make up the genetic information in cells and function in protein production

- DNA and RNA

- Polar

- Hydrophilic

nucleic acids

Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids

What are the 3 structural components that make up a nucleic acid?

phosphate group, nitrogenous base, sugar

Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids

Sugars are linked by ________ bonds

Phosphodiester

Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids

Bases are linked by ________ bonds

hydrogen

Macromolecules

- Chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

- Functional metabolic molecules

Proteins

Macromolecules: Proteins

The amino acids of proteins are linked together via ___ bonds

peptide

Macromolecules

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes

lipids

Macromolecules: Lipids

Lipids are bound by non-polar _______ bonds

covalent

Macromolecules: Lipids

(Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophillic)

Lipids are _______

hydrophobic

Macromolecules: Lipids

Lipids primarily make up the cell membrane but also function as ________ and can be used for energy

signaling molecules

Macromolecules

Monosaccharides that are the main energy source for cells

carbohydrates

Macromolecules: Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are monosaccharides that are linked together via a ______ bond

glycosidic

Macromolecules: Carbohydrates

Glucose and other sugars are broken down into _____ and other energy molecules

ATP

- helps determine the shape of a bacterium

- provides strong structural support to keep the cell from bursting or collapsing due to osmotic pressure

Cell wall

The cell wall is mainly made up of ________ fibers

cellulose

Energy Generating Mechanisms

- The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an ETC

- The third major stage of cellular respiration.

oxidative phosphorylation

Energy Generating Mechanisms: OP

Occurs in the inner _____ matrix in plant and animal cells as part of ETC in Krebs cycle

mitochondrial

Energy Generating Mechanisms

The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism

substrate-level phosphorylation

Energy Generating Mechanisms: SLP

True/False: This type of mechanism can function both aerobically or anaerobically

true

Energy Generating Mechanisms: SLP vs oxidative phosphorylation

Which one is a better source of ATP?

oxidative phosphorylation

Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), OP, and SLP all occur where?

Mitochondria

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an ETC and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid

Fermentation

Energy Generating Mechanisms: Fermentation

True/False: This occurs in the absence of oxygen

true

The chemical action of yeast on sugars is _____

fermentation

Energy Generating Mechanisms

The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy (ATP) and pyruvic acid

glycolysis

Energy Generating Mechanisms: Glycolysis

What are the two products of glycolysis?

ATP and pyruvic acid

Energy Generating Mechanisms: Glycolysis

What is the electron acceptor?

NAD+

Energy Generating Mechanisms: Glycolysis

Glycolysis occurs in the ______

cytosol

Energy Generating Mechanisms

Second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

Krebs cycle

Energy Generating Mechanisms: Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid)

The final electron acceptor is ______

oxygen

Energy Generating Mechanisms: Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid)

Pyruvic acid combines with coenzyme A to form ______ which enters the Krebs cycle

Acetyl-CoA

Energy Generating Mechanisms: Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid)

Each turn of Krebs cycle produces _____ molecule of ATP, _____ molecule of FADH2, and _____ molecules of NADH

1, 1, 3

Energy Generating Mechanisms: Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid)

What is oxidized in the Krebs cycle?

citrate

Energy Generating Mechanisms: Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid)

What two things are reduced in the Krebs cycle?

NAD+ and FAD+

Energy Generating Mechanisms: Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid)

The _____ produced in this process pass their electrons along the ETC on the inner membrane of the mitochondria

NADH

- A toxin released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings

- Heat labile (destroyed by heat)

exotoxin

- A toxin that is present inside a bacterial cell and is released when the cell dies and cell wall disintegrates

- Heat stable

endotoxin

Endotoxin

Typically gram-______ cells

negative

The degree of toxicity or the injury-producing potential of a microorganism

virulence

The virulence of a pathogen is defined by the microorganisms _____ and ______

invasiveness, toxigenicity

The ability of a bacterial pathogen to rapidly spread through tissue is its _____

invasiveness

The ability of a microorganism to produce a toxin

toxigenicity

The host's ability to limit pathogen burden and includes such diverse defenses as physical barriers (e.g. skin), behavioral modifications or a rapid immune response

host resistance

Humoral vs. Cellular Immune Response

The branch of adaptive immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defends against bacteria and viruses in body fluids.

humoral

Humoral vs. Cellular Immunity

Certain lymphoid cells recognize material as foreign and initiate a chain of responses that permit them to destroy intracellular (think activation of phagocytic cells, NK cells, cytotoxic T cells)

cellular

Humoral vs. Cellular Immunity

The complement system is considered to be _____ immunity

humoral

- fixed response that is general and inherited

- based on recognition of foreign material (PAMPs and PRRs) and recruitment of effector cells

- results in inflammation and degradation of foreign material

innate immunity

Humoral Immunity: Active vs. Passive

- Occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them

- Characterized by production of memory cells

- Can be natural or artificial

active humoral immunity

Humoral Immunity: Active vs. Passive

- Occurs when ready-made antibodies are introduced into body (transfer from mom to baby through breastmilk)

- No memory cells are made, immunity only last a short time

passive humoral immunity

Any molecule or chemical group of an organism which acts as an antigen in inducing antibody formation in another organism but to which the healthy immune system of the parent organism is tolerant

self antigen

True/False: An autoimmune disease occurs if the body reacts against self antigens

true

Self antigens are particularly important for _____

RBC's

What is another name for anitbody?

immunoglobulin

What are the 3 main functions of antibodies?

neutralization, opsonization, complement activation

T lymphocyte receptors that recognize and bind antigen presented by MHC receptors

T cell receptors

A set of proteins found on the plasma membranes of cells that help display antigen to T cells.

MHC complex

MHC complex: MHC I vs II

- Present in all nucleated cells

- Displays endogenous antigens to cytotoxic T-cells CD8+)

MHC class I

MHC complex: MHC I vs II

- Molecules found on APCs (macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells)

- Signals helper T cells (CD4+)

MHC class II

Hormone-like chemicals facilitating communication between the brain and immune system

cytokines

Help to facilitate the interaction of the receptor with its ligand through their physical interaction with the receptor

coreceptors

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

DNA

DNA

Two antiparallel strands that are bound by _____ bonds between nitrogenous bases

hydrogen

DNA

The back bone of DNA is alternating ____ and _____

sugars, phosphates

- deoxyribose sugar

- ATCG

- Double-stranded

DNA

- ribose sugar

- AUCG

- Single-stranded

RNA

(Translated. vs. Transcribed)

DNA is ______ to form RNA

transcribed

(Translated. vs. Transcribed)

RNA is ______ to form proteins

translated

Eukaryotic vs prokaryotes: Replication

- DNA is unwinded in multiple areas as DNA is replicated

- Occurs in nucleus

- Sister chromatids are separated during mitosis

Eukaryotic