Pharmacognosy: Gums, Glycosides, Lipids, Volatile Oils, and Alkaloids

A comprehensive vocabulary list covering plant exudates, glycoside pathways, lipids, volatile oils, resins, alkaloids, and rubber sources mentioned in the lecture notes.

Indian gum / Ghatti gum

Derived from Anogeissus latifolia and used as a substitute for acacia.

Tragacanth

Derived from Astragalus gummifer containing bassorin and tragacanthin; used as a suspending and emulsifying agent.

Acacia / Gum Arabic

Derived from Acacia senegal containing arabic acid; used as a suspending agent.

Karaya gum / Sterculia gum

Derived from Sterculia urens; used as a laxative (Movicol), emulsifying agent, and dental adhesive.

Sodium alginate / Algin

Derived from Macrocystis porifera containing alginic acid and mannuronic acid; used as a suspending agent.

Carrageenan / Irish moss

Derived from Chondrus crispus or Gigartina mamillosa; used as a thickener.

Agar / Japanese isinglass

Derived from Gelidium cartilagineum or Gracilaria confervoides containing agarose and agaropectin; used as a stiffening agent.

Locust bean / Carob pulp

Derived from Ceratonia siliqua; used as a chocolate substitute, thickener, and stabilizer.

Xanthan Gum

A microbial gum derived from Xanthomonas campestris used in toothpaste and ointments.

Digitalis

Derived from Digitalis lanata or Digitalis purpurea containing digoxin and digitoxin; used for CHF.

Convallaria / Lily of the Valley Root

Derived from Convallaria majalis containing convallatoxin.

Apocynum / Black Indian Hemp

Derived from Apocynum cannabinum containing cyamarin.

Squill / Squill bulb

Derived from Urginea maritima; red variety contains Scillaren A and is used as a rat poison, expectorant, emetic, cardiotonic, and diuretic.

Dioscorea / Yam

Derived from Dioscorea floribunda containing botogenin and diosgenin; serves as a precursor of glucocorticoids.

Ginseng

Derived from Panax ginseng containing panaxosides, ginsenosides, and chikusetsusaponins; used as an adaptogen and aphrodisiac for anemia, diabetes, and sexual impotence.

Glycyrrhiza / Licorice root

Derived from Glycyrrhiza glabra containing glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetic acid; used as an anti-inflammatory and for Addison’s disease.

Cascara sagrada / Sacred bark

Derived from Rhamnus pursianus containing Cascarosides A, B, C, and D; used as a stimulant cathartic.

Aloe

Derived from Aloe barbadensis, A. spicata, or A. vera containing barbaloin and chrysophanic acid; used to treat burns and as a compound in benzoin tincture.

Senna / Slimming tea

Derived from Cassia acutifolia or C. angustifolia containing Sennosides A/B (dianthrone).

Chrysarobin

Derived from Andira araroba containing anthralin; used as a keratolytic.

Bearberry

Derived from Arctostaphylos uva ursi containing arbutin; used as a diuretic, astringent, and weak urinary antiseptic.

Salicin

Derived from Salix purpurea or S. fragilis containing saligenin (salicin alcohol).

Hops

Derived from Humulus lupulus containing lupulin; responsible for the bitterness of beer.

Vanilla

Derived from Vanilla planifolia or V. tahitensis containing vanillin; used as a flavorant and spice.

Cantharides

Derived from Cantharis vesicatoria containing cantharidin; used as an irritant, aphrodisiac, and topical treatment for warts.

Psoralens

Derived from Ammi majus containing methoxsalen; used for repigmentation in vitiligo.

Milk thistle

Derived from Silybum marinum containing silibinin and silymarin; used as a hepatoprotective.

Soy isoflavone / Balatong

Derived from Glycine soja containing genistein; prevents atherosclerosis.

Cranberry

Derived from Vaccinium macrocarpon containing procyanidin; prevents adhesion of UTI-causing microbes.

Ginkgo

Derived from Ginkgo biloba containing ginkgolides and bilolabides; used for memory enhancements.

Cassava

Derived from Manihot esculenta containing mannihotoxin and linamarin; toxic.

Steviosides

Derived from Stevia rebaudiana; $200-300 \times$ as sweet as sugar.

Fishberry / Ligtang

Derived from Anamirta cocculus containing picrotoxin; a neutral glycoside used as a fish toxin.

Nutgall

Produced on Quercus infectoria (oak) by Cynips tinctoria (gall-wasp) containing tannic acid and gallic acid; used in the tanning and dyeing industry.

Castor oil

Derived from Ricinus communis containing ricin; used as a plasticizer in flexible collodion.

Theobroma oil

Derived from Theobroma cacao containing theobromine, caffeine, and oleopalmitostearin; used as a suppository base.

Lanolin

Derived from the wool of sheep (Ovis aries) containing cholesterol and isocholesterol; used as a water-absorbable emollient base.

Cod liver oil

Derived from Gadus morhua; the only liquid fat and a source of Vit A/D used as an antirachitic.

Peppermint oil

Derived from Mentha piperita containing menthol; used as a carminative and counterirritant.

Clove

Derived from Eugenia caryophyllus or Syzygium aromaticum containing eugenol; used as a dental analgesic.

Eucalyptus oil

Derived from Eucalyptus globulus containing cineole, cajuputol, and eucalyptol; used as a flavor, antiseptic, and diaphoretic.

Gaultheria / Wintergreen

Derived from Gaultheria procumbens containing methyl salicylate; used as an antirheumatic.

Podophyllum / Mayapple

Derived from Podophyllum peltatum containing podophyllotoxin (precursor to Etoposide, Tenoposide); used as an antimitotic, caustic, and purgative.

Myrrh

An oleo gum resin from Commiphora molmol; used as an embalming material and astringent.

Benzoin

Derived from Styrax benzoin; the Sumatra variety contains balsamic acids/esters while the Siam variety contains coniferyl benzoate.

Ephedra / Ma Huang

Alkaloid from Ephedra sinica containing ephedrine; used as a sympathomimetic.

Colchicum / Autumn crocus

Derived from Colchicum autumnale containing colchicine; decreases tubulin migration and is used as an antigout agent.

Belladonna

Derived from Atropa belladonna containing hyoscyamine and atropine; used as an anticholinergic.

Cinchona / Peruvian bark

Derived from Cinchona succirubra containing quinidine and quinine; used as an antiarrhythmic and antimalarial.

Opium / Gum opium

Derived from Papaver somniferum containing morphine, codeine, noscapine, papaverine, and thebaine.

Rauwolfia

Derived from Rauvolfia serpentina containing reserpine; used as a hypotensive sedative.

Catharanthus / Vinca / Periwinkle

Derived from Catharanthus roseus containing vinblastine and vincristine; used as an antineoplastic agent.

Physostigma / Calabar Bean

Derived from Physostigma venenosum containing physostigmine (eserine); used as an anticholinesterase.

Ergot / Rye

Derived from Claviceps purpurea on Secale cereale; contains ergonovine (oxytocic) and dihydroergotamine (migraine treatment).

Pilocarpus / Jaborandi

Derived from Pilocarpus jaborandi containing pilocarpine; used as a treatment for glaucoma.

Thea / Tea

Derived from Camellia sinensis containing theophylline; used for the relief of asthma.

Sapodilla plum / Chico

Derived from Manilkara zapota containing chicle; used as a base in chewing gum.