Chapter 6: Psychology of Learning

Learning

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

assosciative learning

Classical + operant

People learn because of some assosciation

Classical Conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Ivan Pavlov (classical conditioning)

A type of learning where you link two things together: something neutral (doesn't cause a reaction) with something that naturally causes a reaction.

Over time, the neutral thing alone makes you respond the same way.

Example: Pavlov rang a bell (neutral) before giving dogs food (natural trigger). The dogs salivated at the food. After repeating this many times, the dogs started salivating just by hearing the bell—even without food.

Acquisition

Initial stage, unang bese I link

Higher order conditioning

Dalawa ang i p-pair pero mas mahina sa una

Extinction

Nawala kasi hindi consistent

Spontaneous Recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. Also mas madali mo nang matututunan ulit kasi may prior knowledge kana.

Generalization

Na g-generalize ang mga bagay

Discrimination

Kaya na i distinguish ang mga bagay

operant conditioning

Learning through consequences.

Thorndike's Law of Effect

Reward= Mas gagawin

Consequence= Less frequency gagawin

Reinforcemnt

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. Mga bagay sa gusto mo

Shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Positive reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus

Positive punishment

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

Negative reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)

negative punishment

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

Cognitive Learning

We learn through cognition such as observation, interpretation etc

Cognitive learning sub divisions

Mirroring, Modeling, Vicarious learning

Mirroring

Matching certain behaviors of another person

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

(UCS) Unconditioned Stimulus

Stimulus that naturally triggers a response.

CR (conditioned response)

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Unconditioned Response

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.