WHAP: Bullet Points 2 - Developments in Europe

Shift in population Europe and China face in 12th and 13th century? What accounted for these shifts?

• Both Europe and China faced rapid population growth during the 12th and 13th centuries

  • In 1200, China’s population exceeded Europe’s population by 2 to 1

  • In 1300, both China’s and Europe’s population increased by about 80 million

• However, from 1100 to 1445, China’s population fell due to the Mongol conquest, while Europe’s population doubled

The Three-Field System

• The three-field system replaced the two-field system

  • For the three-field system, farmers grew crops on two-thirds of their land each year, alternating wheat and rye with oats, barley, or legumes, but the third field was left fallow.

Why “God’s Wrath” strike most people as a better explanation for the Black Death

People in Europe weren’t aware that the cause of the Black Plague was their lack of sanitation, causing church leaders to gain power during this time.

The Chronology Table

• 13th Century

  • Environment

    • 1200s - Widespread use of crossbows and windmills(envi)

  • Culture

    • 1210s - Teutonic Knights, Franciscans, Dominicans

    • 1225–1274 - Philosopher-monk Thomas Aquinas

  • Politics and Society

    • 1200s Champagne fairs flourish

    • 1204 Fourth Crusade

    • 1215 Magna Carta issued

• 14th Century

  • Environment

    • 1315–1317 Great Famine

    • 1347–1351 Black Death

  • Politics and Society

    • 1337 Start of Hundred Years’ War

    • 1381 Wat Tyler’s Rebellion

• 15th Century

  • Environment

  • Culture

  • Politics and Society

Hanseatic League in 1241

• The Hanseatic League was an economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany

• It was the most powerful in the fourteenth century

How changes in the textile industry help initiate change in European economics

Changes in the textile industry increased competition, which then promoted the spread of manufacturing and encouraged new specialties

Civic life of Jews in Europe from 1200-1450 and a trend that continued later in European history

• Jews with manufacturing and business skills were welcomed in by commercial cities

• However. despite protections by certain Christian princes and kings they endured violent religious persecutions or expulsions

  • Ex. In 1492, all jews were expelled by Spanish monarchs

• Baptism was a trend of theirs that continue later on in the European history

How guilds bring economic changes in Europe? What Italian city rose to prominence and later become the center of the Renaissance?

• Guilds brought together all craft specialists working in a particular trade to regulate business practices and set prices

• They also trained apprentices and promoted members’ interests with the city government

• Guilds protected the interests of families that already belonged to them but denied memberships to outsiders and Jews

The Great Western Schism (1378 & 1415)

• The Great Western Schism was a division in the Latin Christian Church caused by rival popes

  • This crisis broke the pope’s ability to challenge the rising power of monarchs

Feudalism

Describe the relationship between the Church and Monarchs in the 14th century

The relationship between the church and monarchs in the 14th century wasn’t friendly because both churches and monarchs seek to consolidate more power than the other.

How the Hundred Years’ War brought an end to traditional medieval methods of war

• The 100 Years War grew out of a marriage alliance between Princess Isabella of France and King Edward II of England

• The war introduced new war technologies:

  • Canons

  • Longbow

• Due to the war, armies now depended on bowmen, pikemen, musketeers, and artillerymen rather than knights

Magna Carta in 1215

The Magna Carta was signed by King John. This was to subject all monarchs to yield to established laws and guaranteed the nobles’ hereditary rights

How new monarchies in France, England, and Spain represent a shift in power

• The rise of new monarchies in France and England, centralized states with fixed “national” boundaries and stronger representative institutions

  • Ex. the English monarch consolidated control over territory within the British Isles

  • Ex. the French monarch consolidated control over powerful noble families in Burgundy and Brittany.

The Reconquest of Iberia

The Reconquest of Iberia was the taking back of territories of Portugal and Spain from the Muslims

What the Ottoman Soldiers called, and their military specialty?

The soldiers in the Ottoman empire were Janissaries. Their military specialty was fighting on foot with guns.

Scholasticism and the founder

• Scholasticism is the synthesizing reason and faith. It was founded by Thomas Aquinas

• Scholasticism upset many traditional thinkers

The Renaissance

• The Renaissance was a transformative cultural, intellectual, and artistic movement

• Greeks and Arabs manuscript were aquired like:

  • Works of literature by Plato and Aristotle

  • Greek treatises on medicine, mathematics, and geography, as well as scientific and philosophical writings by Muslim writers

  • Latin translations of Iranian philosopher Ibn Sina also known as Avicenna had great influence because of their sophisticated blend of Aristotelian and Islamic philosophy

Who developed the printing press in the 15th century

Johann Gutenberg