English Second Quarter

claims of fact

• affirms, prevails in any time frame based on established facts

• u believe this statement to be true

• answerable w/ yes/no

• concrete evidence should back this up

claims of fact examples

• blindness is a visual impairment

• covid-19 is deadly

• smoking is dangerous to one's health

• cellphones pull students away from learning

claims of value

• gauge acceptability/desirability

• good/bad, beautiful/not ← comparison, preference based

• writer persuades reader that their claim is the admissible one

• audience choosing between 2 options and explaining grounds of such choice

claims of value examples

• animal testing is the worst way to check medical products

• it's unethical for russia to not share the covid-19 vaccine w/ other countries

claim of policy

• explain resolution/action to take in addressing important issues

• "must" "should" "ought to" - modal verbs

• both claims of fact and value may be included to speculate motive for action administered

• challenge here is how to prompt readers in accepting claims of opposite party as beneficial and advantageous

claim of policy examples

• you should wear face mask and shield

• tiktok should undergo censorship, privacy, and child safety

claim

• claiming that something is true, must be done, or good/bad

• 3 types

• arguable statements

• defines goal of essay

• central statement where attempts to prove point using details, explanations, and other evidence are made

3 types of claims

• claims of fact

• claims of value

• claims of policy

characteristics of good claims

• argumentative and debatable

• specific and focused

• interesting and engaging

• logical

claims of fact questions

• can we investigate it through research or interviews

• did it happen

claims of policy questions

what should be done

claims of value questions

• is it good or bad

• is it valuable or not valuable

Leonardo da Vinci

• polymath known for the "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper"

• significant contributions to art, anatomy, and engineering

RENAISSANCE PERIOD

• aka THE AGE OF DISCOVERY

• period of transition, left behind medieval ways of past and launched society towards a modern world

• At this time, ppl concerned w/ individualism, as well as self and societal improvement

• lost works of Latin authors discovered hidden in libraries untouched for hundreds of years

• around 624 yrs ago

renaissance meaning

rebirth, revival of, or renewed interest in something

individualism

• improvement of self

• if u changed urself u can help others too

Latin authors

Virgil, Horace, orator Cicero

Significant authors and their works in the Renaissance period

• John Milton: Paradise Lost

• Miguel de Cervantes: Don Quixote

• Dante Alighieri: Divina Commedia

• William Shakespeare: King Lear, Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet

• Christopher Marlowe: Doctor Faustus, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love

Bible's contents

• In Latin so unknown to many for centuries

• hand-copied up to middle of 1400s → beautiful but costly and rare manuscripts

• widespread distribution when German inventor Johannes Gutenburg created method of printing w/ movable type

Key accomplishments of the Renaissance period in literature

• The Invention of the Printing Press

• Humanism

• Revival of Classical Literature

• Language Evolution

The Invention of the Printing Press

Gutenberg's invention around 1440 → profound impact on lit → books more widely accessible → dissemination of classical texts, religious works, and contemporary literature → spread of Renaissance ideas

Humanism

• central intellectual movement of Renaissance

• emphasizing study of classical texts and a focus on human potential and achievements

• Writers began to explore human emotions, experiences, and individualism

What’s Humanism?

• Humanism: ppl intrigued by idea of human power. Humanistic works focused on human traits and abilities.

• Classicism

• Secularism

Classicism

Authors drew on antiquity and inspired by works of the philosophers in ancient Greece and Rome

Secularism

Dealt w/ issues of politics and personal concern outside of the realm of religion.

Revival of Classical Literature

• Renaissance scholars rediscovered and translated numerous classical texts from Greek and Roman antiquity

• Works by authors like Homer, Virgil, Plato, and Aristotle made available in Latin and vernacular languages → rich source of inspiration for writers of the period

Language Evolution

• development and standardization of modern European languages, like the English language's evolution under the influence of Chaucer and Shakespeare ← made lots of words

• language is dynamic

Cause

• action, event, or condition that brings about, triggers, or results in another event or condition

• reason or explanation for something happening.

Effect

• result or consequence of a specific cause

• what happens as a direct or indirect outcome of a particular action, event, or condition

Purpose

intended goal, reason, or objective behind an action, decision, or plan

corpus linguistics

collection of naturally occurring examples of language (common/rare usage)