SPCH 302 Final

1 bone in the phonatory system

hyoid, gives a point to pull against for the tongue

Thyroid

unpaired cartilage, shield against rest of larynx

Cricoid:

unpaired cartilage, ring with skinny part on front and fat part on back, totally closed

Arytenoid cartilages:

2 pyramid shaped cartilages, super important for phonation, move side to side and rotates in and out

Corniculate cartilages:

corn kernel on top on arytenoids

Cuneiform cartilages:

means wedge, long and skinny, do not articulate with any other cartilages, stiffen aryepiglottic folds

Epiglottis:

leaf shaped cartilage, unpaired, covers trachea while swallowing, attached to thyroid

Cricothyroid joint:

creates a tilting motion between cricoid and thyroid

Cricoarytenoid joint:

moves arytenoid cartilages side to side and rotates them on cricoid, primary responsive for vocal; fold adduction and abduction

Aryepiglottic folds:

helpful for swallowing

Ventricular (false) folds:

helpful for swallowing, soft connective tissue, cover vocal folds

True vocal folds:

essential for voice production

Internal/intrinsic muscles of the larynx

within the larynx, responsible for adducting, abducting, voicing, and airway protection

External/ eccentric muscles of the larynx

have one point of attachment at the larynx and one point of attachment outside the larynx, surround the larynx and anchor it into place, move the larynx up and down during swallowing

Lateral Cricoarytenoid :

adductor, pulls vocal folds together

Interarytenoid :

adductor, pulls vocal folds together

Posterior cricoarytenoid):

abductor, pulls vocal folds apart

Cricothyroid:

ELONGATES AND TENSES VF, lengthens vocal folds to change the pitch

THYROARYTENOID:

the VF, phonantion

Layers of the vocal folds:

layer get less dense and more elastic and range from deepest to superficial

The deepest portion of the vocal folds are the ____________________ muscle (start at thyroid cartilage and end at the pink of arytenoid cartilage on paper diagram)

thyroarytenoid

Lamina propria:

Deep layer

Intermediate layer

Superficial layer aka reinke's space

Squamous epithelium:

thin layer on top of lamina propria, shiny and white if healthy

Cover Body Model:

Categorizes the vocal fold layers by structure and density

Cover Body Model

Body: _____________________

Vocal Ligament: ________________________

Cover: ____________________

Thyroarytenoid muscle, deep and intermediate layer of lamina propria, reinke's space and squamous epithelium

Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory of phonation:

The current theory on how the larynx phonates, it is the interaction between the muscular tension of the vocal folds, the elastic recoil of the vocal folds, and the changing air pressure created by the valving system, (Horse lips vs BBBBBBBB)

1st step to phonation:____________________________

2nd step of phonation: _________________________________

3rd step of phonation: ____________________________________

vocal fold adduction, medial compression, air pressure builds up in the larynx ( subglottal pressure), air puffs through the VF and vibrates them

Bernoilli's principle

When air passes through a constriction the velocity of the air increases and the pressure of the air decreases.

Name two laryngeal joints:

cricothyroid joint, cricoarytenoid joint

Name the two laryngeal muscles and adductors:

interarytenoids, lateral cricoarytenoids

Name one laryngeal muscle that is an abductor:

posterior cricoarytenoids

Vertical Phase Difference describes

how vocal folds move in three-dimensional space

When first adducted, the folds make a _______________ shape, adducted at the most superior portion.

convergent

After being blown open, they adduct into a ______________ shape, adducted at the most inferior portion.

divergent

Mucosal Wave

undulating wavelike motion of the vocal folds during vibration, particularly evident in the cover

Voice Quality is

how we subjectively perceive a person's voice.

How do we determine if voice quality is normal or abnormal?

Quality is clear, Pitch & loudness are appropriate for age, sex, situation, Pitch is produced without undue effort, pain, strain, or fatigue, Voice fulfills the speaker's occupational, social, and emotional needs

Dysphonia:

Subjective term of describing abnormal voice quality (strident, rough, raspy, shrill, unpleasant, harsh, hoarse, strained, tinny, strangled, wet)

The two descriptive terms we use that can be directly correlated with function are:

Breathy Voice - associated with VF hypoadduction Breathy Voice- SD

Rough or Hoarse Voice - associated with VF hyperadduction

Thickness (diameter)

high diameter = low pitch

Tension:

high tension = high pitch

Length:

high length = low pitch

Density:

high density= low pitch

do not treat a patient until they see an ________

ENT

Average fundamental frequency-

when you phonate an "ah" at a comfortable pitch 3-4 times, what is your average pitch?

Speaking Fundamental Frequency-

what is your average pitch in connected speech?

Maximum Phonational Frequency Range-

What is the highest and lowest pitch you can phonate at when producing "ah" ?

Frequency Variability -

when having a conversation, what is the average range of your pitch?

Jitter- Consistency of frequency overtime-

when you phonate an "ah" are your vocal folds vibrating at a consistent rate (e.g. periodically?) or are they inconsistent? (e.g. aperiodic?)

Average dB-

when you phonate an "ah" at a comfortable volume, what is the average loudness?

Average dB in speech-

when you have a conversation, what is the average loudness?

Dynamic range-

when you phonate an "ah" from the very softest to the loudest, what is your loudness range?

dB variability-

in connected speech, what is the range of softest to loudest you use?

Shimmer-

the consistency of loudness over time- when you phonate an "ah" are you maintaining a steady subglottal pressure or does it fluctuate slightly?

The main way we visualize the larynx is by an ___________

Also:

Videoscopy

High speed digital imaging

endoscopy

Supralaryngeal system:

everything above the larynx (articulation and resonance)

Articulation:

how we form the recognisable sound into phonemes

Primary articulator:

tongue

Fricatives

Voiced/ Voiceless

Stops:

Voiced/ Voiceless

Affricants

Voiced/ Voiceless

Liquids

Voiced Only

Glides

Voiced Only

Nasals

Voiced Only

Least acoustic energy

1:

2:

3:

4:

5:

Most acoustic energy

1: VL stops/ obstruents, VL fricatives, VL affricates

2: V obstudents/ stops, V fractive, voiced affricate

3: Nasals

4: Liquids/ glides

5: Vowels

Nasals:

antriformanets/ weaker energy, air flowing through the nose cause a dampening effect on the sound, but are voiced

Voiceless stops:

no periodic complex sound (no voicing), aperiodic complex sounds only, produced because of turbulent airflow

Voiceless fricative:

only aperiodic complex sound produced by turbulent airflow, no tone

Voiced stops:

both period and aperiodic qualities

Voiced fricatives:

both period and aperiodic qualities

Nasals:

primary periodic complex sounds, but still both

Glides and liquids:

primary periodic complex sounds

Vowels:

periodic complex sounds only

Transient:

brief (obstruents, affricates)

Continuous:

long (fricatives, liquids, glides, nasals)

Hypernasality:

too much nasal resonance, dampening effect of sound

Hyponasality:

to little nasality, velopharyngeal port is closed when it shouldn't be

Tranduction:

changing on energy type to another

Outer ear:

outside auditory canal and pinna (floppy cartilaginous part), external auditory meatus

Middle ear:

tympanic membrane, oval window ossicles that form ossicular chain (malleus: embedded in tympanic membrane, inces , stapes), entrance to eustachian tube (pressure control)

Inner ear:

cochlea, cranial nerve VIII

Oval window:

between middle and inner ear, semicircular canal