BONUS SOURCES

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Sacrifice relief carving originally from the Trojans forum

what is observed:

→ popa with axe

→victimarius: extracting entrails

→Haruspex

→ Bull on the floor

Sacrifice relief carving 20-50 AD

what is observed:

→ offering to mars - ‘suovetaurilia (sacrifice of pig(sus), sheep(ovis), bull(taurus))

→ incense box

→animals (bull, sheep,pig) decorated in ribbon

Model liver

→ Etruscan object found in piacenza

→ Haruspex - soothsayer/ entrail inspector (compares model liver to entrails)

→ shows the tomb of the stag which is named aftter a seal of a stag was found inside

→ entrance of tomb is through small marble doors, cleverly made to look like wood

→ inside of the tomb

→for the bodies of the deceases to be cremated and their ashes stored in an urn which was placed inside a tomb like this

→ shows the tomb of Istacidii family who were an important Pompeian family

→ has a burial chamber with a circular aedicule (shrine) the remains of which can be seen in the picture

→ there is also a Lollius’ tombstone in wales which has a pipe into the container of ashes to deliver gifts of food and drink and the tomb has an attached dining room on the outside

Martial Epigrams: Patrons and Clients

Clients get paid less than charioteers (scorpus) - “earning 100 lead coins for a whole day’s work, when Scorpus in a single hour walks off as a winner with fifteen heavy bags of gold?”

Martial Epigrams: Epitaph on a charioteer

• Scorpus died young

• 2048 victories but died in a crash

• Fate counted his many victory palms, assuming he was old and lived a long life

Juvenal (satires)

complains that a charioteer could earn one hundred times the fee of a lawyer

• comedy - satire writing

• people take chariot racing too seriously, with harsh intentions, it is very competitive

Martial - notes horses are becoming too famous

• Horses are too famous having their names on mosaics suggest this

• “Why are people envious? I am no more famous that Andraemo the horse?”

Suetonius Nero 16

• Roman gossiper

• “Nero forbade the rowdy behavior of the charioteers. They have been allowed to roam everywhere, cheat, steal as though it was a joke”

• All the fame led charioteers to be entitled

Juvenal (satires) - bread and chariot races

• “the common people anxiously want two things, bread and chariot races”

• panem = bread

Book 1: Jupiter to Venus, making a prophecy in which Aeneas is fated to be the founder of Rome - Aeneas

→ “you’ll raise great-hearted Aeneas high” - deified

→”will wage a might war in italy, destroy proud peoples, establish laws…” foretelling what Aeneas will do

Book 1: Jupiter to Venus, making a prophecy in which Aeneas is fated to be the founder of Rome - Ascanius

“will imperially complete thirty great circles of the turning months, and transfer his throne from its site at Lavinium… will rebuild the walls of Alba Longa” → shows Ascanius will rule for 2.5 years

→ he founded the walls of Alba Longa

Book 1: Jupiter to Venus, making a prophecy in which Aeneas is fated to be the founder of Rome - Romulus

→ “and found the walls of Mars, and call the people Romans, from his own name”

Book 4: Aeneas has forgotten his mission to found Rome, so Jupiter is sent to tell him to get going - How is Aeneas presented here

Lazy

Malingering

Unmotivated

Destined

Evidence of Aeneas’ presentation

“Trojan leader who malingers” - wasting time

“"he was to be the one who’d rule italy, pregnant with empire” - doubting his destiny

“does he begrude the citadels of Rome to Ascanius” - being a bad dad

“forgetting Ausonia and the Lavinian fields?” - shows he does not care

Book 7 Aeneas’s son fulfils a prophecy

→ trojans are eating a meal when they eat the break, Ascanius makes a joke that they are eating the table

Evidence in book 7

“for my father” → shows that he listened to his father - his dad said this would happen

“pour libations on my father Anchises…prayed to… goddess…Nymphs” → piess - respected his father + Goddess etc.

Livy - background to the history of rome bonus source

after the fall of troy, Aeneas and the trojans voyaged around the Mediterranean until they arrive on the west coat of Italy. they found a city, which was in territory of king Latinus

2 versions of the story

1: Aeneas and the trojans defeat the Latins in battle

2: Latinus is so impressed by Aeneas as a hero they make peace without battle

Either way Aeneas marries Lavinia (Latinus’ daughter)

Why must we be careful when using Livy as a source

He doesn’t separate fact + fiction

Ovid Fasti - 2.533-570

→ Parentalia festival

→ temples are closed + not allowed to get married _ no official business occurring

1st day: blood sacrifice

rest of the days: domestic family celebrations

8th day: people would take offerings to the tombs

9th day: family home meal → opportunity for Instauration