1: Introduction to The Colonial Period

By the 1490s, superpower countries in Europe such as Spain, France, England, and Portugal were on the search for _____, ____, and _____.

On the other hand, Asian countries were searching for _____ and ______.

Europe: Glory, gold, and silver.

Asia: Silks and spices.

The Age of Exploration included exposure to _______. Such as:

Religion, being a catholic and a push to become protestant.

Who did Columbus impress with his voyages and how?

Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain, with gold

What were Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain afraid of? Why?

Portugal interfering with their voyages. Portugal, geographically, faces the Atlantic and was an active 
country in overseas exploration. It had a stronger army and a navy.

What treaty was created between Spain and Portugal during the Age of Exploration? Why?

The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas was created because the equal divide between Spain and Portugal unduly favored Spain. And to formalize geographic land ownership.

What did the Treaty of Tordesillas establish?

It drew a longitudinal line 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, and granted Portugal lands east of the line (parts of North & South America, carribean islands, and most of Brazil).

Spain got the western portion of the division (eastern part of Brazil).

When did Spanish Conquistadors take interest in the American mainland? Where had they primarily worked before?

Early 1500s. Caribbean Islands.

What happened when Spanish conquistadors start exploring the Americas?

They carried over diseases which killed Natives that did not have an immunity against the disease.

Who was the first European to see the Pacific ocean after crossing _______. In what year?

In 1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama into the Pacific ocean.

What European explored Florida? What was the result?

Juan Ponce de León did not find anything in Florida, so he
decided to take the land and claim it for Spain.

From 1539 to 1541, who led an expedition to the southeastern United States? What did they explore?

Hernando de Soto, saw Oklahoma all the way to the Mississippi River.

In 1540 to 1542, who took an adventure from Mexico to crossing the Rio Grande? What did they see?

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado saw New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas.

What was important to the Spanish when exploring the world?

Converting (forcing) people into Catholicism.

When did Spanish Conquistadores start importing slaves to America and why?

After the Native population died down. Slaves were used to manage the cultivation of crops and resources.

Which countries posed a threat to Spain? Why?

Portugal, France, England, and The Netherlands, because they too wanted to develop and grow their imperial 
powers.

It was the writings of ________ who saw colonization as the opportunity to spread the gospel.

Richard Hakluyt

What was the first English colony in America? What year and state was it established?

In 1607, Jamestown, Virginia was the first established English colony.

Which two merchants gained their charter from King James I?

Virginia Company of London and the Virginia  Company of Plymouth

What did Virginia Company of London and the Virginia Company of Plymouth do?

raised their capital of stocks and handled all English trades with  Russia, the Middle East, and even Africa

What was the first French gateway into the interior of North America? Explored by who/significance?

St. Lawrence river discovered by French explorer Jacques Cartier who gave Canada its name

Who founded the first French settlement _____, which then later became the new France and when?

In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec.

In what year did Now Holland (The Netherlands) send an english explorer to find a North West passage? Who and what did he find?

In 1609, Henry Hudson discovered the Hudson river.

In what region did the Dutch trade with the Iroquois?

At the New Amsterdam trading post, inside the region of New Netherland

How did the Dutch handle finding New Netherland?

It was internally weak and unstable. Many Dutch from the mother country did not take much of an
interest.

What did Puritans place great importance on? For what reason?

Family: male-centered, parents controlled whom their children would marry
Education: to spread the Bible

How was New England ahead of other colonies?

Because of the Puritans belief in education, New England was ahead of other colonies educationally with a widespread literacy.

What was The Half-Way Covenant and why was it created?

By the mid 1600's, many Puritans were fearing that 
New England was drifting away from its religious purpose.
Half-Way Covenant allowed partial church membership for the children and grandchildren of church members to teach religion early on.

As New England’s population grew, why was there tension between the natives and the puritans?

Because puritans were taking their land and trying to convert them to christianity.

When did King Philips War occur and why?

In 1675, a native chief named King Philips led a war against the colonists to take back their land, thousands were killed and New England’s colonial economy was affected.

What were the Salem witch trials?

In 1692, in Salem village, Massachusetts, a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft involving over 200 accused individuals. 20 people died.

By the 1700s, which empire was the most powerful and populous era in North America?

British colonies in North America

What led to war in the 1660s? Which Indigenous group helped the English with trading  goods and proper businesses?

Commercial conflicts between the Dutch and the English. The Iroquois.

America’s population grew rapidly as a result of what?

natural increases to prosperity and large scale immigration from England, Ireland, Scotland and Germany

What was The Enlightenment in the 18th century?

a concept that focuses on rationalism, the belief that human
reason was adequate to solve all of mankind's problems and a push for separation of church and state

What was the Great Awakening in the 18th century? Key figures?

massive religious revival, rejected rationalism; ordinary people could experience God directly without relying solely on traditional ministers.
Key figures included preacher George Whitefield and theologian Jonathan Edwards.

Cause of the French Indian war? Result?

Tension between England and France over the Ohio Valley and Western Pennsylvania. Both sides had allied Native populations fighting with them.
The “Seven Years War” from from 1754 to 1763.
Britain gained Canada, and France lost its North American colonies.

What did Britain do to deal with war debt from the French and Indian war?

impose new taxes on American colonies, directly fueling the American Revolution.

Which European power focused most on fur trading in North America

France