Forage crops / Animals & Environment

It can take 100-400 years to create 1 cm of top soil

True

The hygroscopic coefficient of a soil is measured as 0 bars or 0 kPa

False

There are 100,000 different species of microorganisms in 1g of soil

False it 10,000

What would be the bulk density measurement that would be impermeable to plant roots?

1.6 g/cm3

Soil texture is based on the amounts of sand, silt & clay

True

An individual soil particle that is 0.05 to 0.002 mm is called?

Silt

How many square feet is in one acre?

43,560 ft2

What term best describes the arrangement of sand, silt, clay & organic particles

Soil structure

An individual soil particle that is <0.002 is called?

Clay

Organic matter & what determines a soils chemical properties?

Clays

Physical indicator

Bulk density, water holding capacity, soil texture

Chemical indicator

Soil pH, electric conductivity

Biological indicator

Macroorganism number, specific respiration

What term is considered a reservoir of plant nutrients & is restricted to positively charged elements?

Cation exchange capacity (CEC)

An individual soil particle that is 0.05 to 2.0 mm is called?

Sand

A one unit change in soil pH equals a 10 fold change in hydrogen ions

True

What best describes the difference between pHs and pHw

pHs 0.5 units lower than pHw

On a soil test report pHs is measured in what solution?

Neutral salt solution

Besides pH what other measurement is needed to calculate time recommendations

Neutralizable Acidity (N.A.)

A very small portion of Missouri pasture soils are low in plant available phosphorous

False, a very HIGH portion

A mature cow will return return 100% of the N, P, & K from her diet, to the soil and 100% of that is available to plants

False

How many years does it take for 1 pile of manure/square yard with a 2 day rotation of livestock 

2 years

EMg on a soil test stands for effective magnesium

True

The most limiting factor of a soil determines the yield potential

True

How many years of build up is included in Missouri Soil test fertility

8 year

What is considered the best practice for soil sampling after fertilizations?

Wait at least 3 months

Organic matter and what determines a soils chemical properties?

Clay

What cation is not included in the calculation at CEC for soil test reports

NA+

Hay fields should be soil tested every year

True

Organic matter can be used to estimate the potential nitrogen released over the growing season

True

Soil texture has no impact on the cation exchange capacity of a soil.

False

What soil texture report values influences the K and Mg recommendation?

Cation exchange capacity (CEC)

You only need to know the pH of a soil to determine how much limestone should be applied

False

Legumes form a relationship with bacteria that allows them to fix between 50-200lbs/N/acre/year

True

16. Which of the following soil test report values influences the K and Mg recommendations?

Cation exchange capacity (CEC)

You only need to know the pH of a soil to determine how much limestone should be applied.

False

Legumes form a relationship with bacteria that allows them to fix between 50 - 200lbs/N/acre/year

True

Which of the following cell types has the thickest cell walls?

Sclerenchyma

A plant that takes two years to complete its life cycle.

Biennial

Which of the following is not a primary type of grass inflorescence?

Corymb

Which of the following terms is best described as an above-ground, horizontal vegetative stem capable of rooting at nodes?

Stolon

Which of the following terms is best described as a below-ground horizontal vegetative stem capable of rooting at each node?

Rhizome

What is the name for the tiny hook like or finger like appendages that some grasses produce that extend form the base of the leaf blade around the stem at the top of the leaf sheath?

Auricles

Which of the following terms describes a type of germination where the cotyledons remain below ground?

Hypogeal

Which of the following branches of plant science is best described as the study of functions of organisms?

Physiology

Which of the following is not considered a primary growth stage for plants?

Retirement

A primary root contains three developmental zones, which of the following is not considered a developmental zone in plants?

Friend zone

Which of the following meristems is found only in monocots at the base of the internode?

Intercalary

Which of the following terms describes a type of germination where the cotyledons emerge above ground and may be green and photosynthetic?

Epigeal

What % of leaf removal will lead to 100% of root growth stopped?

80%

Taxonomy is the study of the classification of organisms and systematics.

True

Lateral roots are single epidermal cell extensions.

False

When a grass plant begins developing an inflorescence it stops making new leaves.

True

Small root systems increase the above ground yield potential.

False

Cell growth occurs only if enough water pressure (turgor) is present.

True

Select all of the accepted options for managing infected tall fescue pastures. 

Chase livestock to get their heart rate up

Ammoniate hay

Dilute the field with other forages

Rotate livestock to summer pasture/warm season forages

Limit nitrogen inputs

Graze stockpiled fescue pastures late in the year

Clip seedhead

Which of the following options best describes the impact of fescue toxicosis on the beef industry every year?

$200 million

How long should cows be removed from toxic fescue to insure no effect on pregnancy rates?

30 days before and after breeding

Most poisonings from plants occur when forage is short, like early spring and which of the following?

Drough

If you suspect poisoning of livestock, you should immediately call a veterinarian.

True

Fescue toxicosis occurs because of the compounds the plant produces.

False

Ergovaline is the only ergot alkaloid that causes problems in livestock.

False

Ergot alkaloid concentrations in tall fescue change throughout the year and vary depending on where you look in the plant (i.e. crown, leaf, seed).

True

One of the main symptoms of fescue toxicosis is vasoconstriction.

True

Livestock suffering from fescue toxicosis often have poor thermoregulation.

True

The toxic endophyte can reinfect endophyte free tall fescue.

False

The two stressors that have the biggest impact on forage persistence are poor fertility and over grazing.

True

The main goal of the Alliance for Grassland Renewal is education about tall fescue toxicosis and its management.

True

Nitrogen fertilization can increase the ergot alkaloids and is often associated with toxicosis.

True

Ammoniated hay has lower ergot alkaloid concentrations.

True