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Anatomy
science of structure and relationships revealed by dissection
Dissection
the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships
Physiology
science of body functions and how body parts work
Embryology
Study of the first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg
Developmental Biology
Study of the complete development of an individual from fertilization to death
Cell Biology
Study of cellular structure and functions
Histology
Study of microscopic structure of tissues
Gross Anatomy
Study of structures that can be examined without a microscope
Systemic Anatomy
Study of structure of specific systems of the human body
Regional Anatomy
Study of specific regions of the body such as head or chest
Surface Anatomy
Study of surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation
Radiographic Anatomy
Study of body structures that can be visualized with X-Ray
Pathological Anatomy
Study of structure changes associated with disease
Neurophysiology
Study of functional properties of nerve cells
Endocrinology
Study of hormones and how they control body functions
Cardiovascular Physiology
Study of functions of the heart and blood vessels
Immunology
Study of the body's defenses against disease-causing agents
Respiratory Physiology
Study of the air passageways and lungs
Renal Physiology
Study of functions of the kidneys
Exercise Physiology
Study of changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity
Pathophysiology
Study of functional changes associated with disease and aging
Metabolism
Sum of all biochemical processes of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems
Responsiveness
Ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal and external environment
Movement
Occurs at the intracellular, cellular, organ levels
Growth
Increase in number of cells, size of cells, tissues, organs, and the body
Differentiation
Process a cell undergoes development from an unspecialized to a specialized cell
Reproduction
Formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual
Homeostasis
Equilibrium of the body's internal environment produced by the interaction of organ systems and regulatory processes
Differentiation
Process a cell undergoes development from a unspecialized to a specialized cell
Reproduction
Formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual.
Homeostasis
Equilibrium of the body's internal environment produced by the interaction of organ systems and regulatory processes.
Homeostasis
A condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body's internal environment.
Homeostasis
Blood glucose levels range between 70 and 110 mg of glucose/dL of blood.
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
The fluid within cells.
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
The fluid outside cells.
Interstitial fluid
ECF between cells and tissues.
Blood Plasma
The ECF within blood vessels.
Lymph
The ECF within lymphatic vessels.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
The ECF in the brain and spinal cord.
Synovial fluid
The ECF in joints.
Aqueous humor
The ECF in eyes.
Feedback System
Cycle of events where the body is monitored and re-monitored.
Receptor
A body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to the control center.
Control center
Sets the range of values to be maintained and evaluates input received from receptors.
Effector
Receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.
Negative Feedback systems
Reverses a change in a controlled condition.
Positive Feedback systems
Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's-controlled conditions.
Blood Pressure regulation
A negative feedback system that restores homeostasis when BP increases.
Childbirth
An example of a positive feedback system.
Diagnosis of Disease
Assessment of signs and symptoms, medical history, and physical examination to determine the nature of a disease.
Homeostatic Imbalances
Disruption of homeostasis that can lead to disease and death.
Disorder
A general term for any change or abnormality of function.
Disease
A specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.
Local Disease
A disease that affects one part or a limited region of the body.
Systemic Disease
A disease that affects either the entire body or several parts.
Signs
Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure, e.g., fever or rash.
Symptoms
Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer, e.g., headache or nausea.
Diagnosis
The art of distinguishing one disease from another or determining the nature of a disease.
Integumentary System
Consists of the skin and related structures (hair, nails, and glands); protects body, regulates temperature, and eliminates wastes.
Skeletal System
Consists of the bones and joints; provides protection and support, houses cells that will become red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Muscular System
Consists of named skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle; facilitates movement and maintains posture.
Nervous System
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs; senses and responds to body conditions through nerve impulses.
Endocrine System
Consists of hormone-producing cells and glands; regulates the body through chemical mechanisms by releasing hormones into the blood.
Cardiovascular System
Consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels; carries blood and nutrients to specific locations and regulates body temperature and water balance.
Lymphatic System and Immunity
Consists of lymphatic fluid, lymph nodes, and lymphocytes; transports fats and proteins to the cardiovascular system and filters blood.
Respiratory System
Consists of the upper airways, trachea, major bronchi, and lungs; extracts O2 and eliminates CO2.
Digestive System
Consists of the esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory digestive glands; accomplishes the physical and chemical breakdown of food.
Urinary System
Consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra; involved in the collection and excretion of waste products in urine.
Reproductive System
Consists of the ovaries, uterus, and vagina in females, and the testes and penis in males, along with associated organs and glands.
Proximal
Nearest to the origination
Distal
Farther from origination
Ipsilateral
Same side of the body
Contralateral
Opposite side of the body
Superficial
Towards the surface
Deep
Towards the core of the body
Visceral
Pertaining to a covering over an organ
Parietal
Pertaining to a covering against a cavity wall
Cranial
Skull
Cervical
Neck
Cubital
Elbow
Carpal
Wrist
Patellar
Front of knee
Orbital
Eye
Thoracic
Chest
Inguinal
Groin
Metacarpal
Hand/palm
Plantar
Sole of foot
Buccal
Cheek
Axillary
Armpit
Femoral
Thigh
Gluteal
Buttock
Tarsal
Ankle
Digital or Phalangeal
Toes or Fingers
Sagittal Plane
Divides the body into right and left sides
Midsagittal Plane
Divides the body into two equal, mirror-image halves
Parasagittal Plane
Divides the body into unequal halves
Frontal or Coronal Plane
Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
Transverse Plane
Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
Dorsal Cavity
Contains the brain and spinal cord
Ventral Body Cavity
Contains the remaining body organs
