ana exam 5 question

Three main parts of a mature sperm cell

Head, midpiece, and tail.

Composition of the sperm head

A nucleus containing 23 chromosomes and an acrosome.

Acrosome (sperm)

An anterior cap containing enzymes that help penetrate the egg.

Composition of the sperm midpiece

Mitochondria that provide ATP for movement.

Composition of the sperm tail

A flagellum that propels the sperm cell.

Male internal accessory organs

Epididymides, vasa deferentia, ejaculatory ducts, urethra, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands.

Epididymis

A tightly coiled tube connected to ducts within a testis.

Function of the epididymis

Stores and supports the maturation of immature sperm cells.

Vas deferens

A muscular tube that conducts sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct.

Ejaculatory duct formation

Formed by the union of the vas deferens and seminal vesicle duct.

Seminal vesicle secretions

Alkaline fluid, fructose for energy, and prostaglandins.

Prostate gland location

Surrounds the proximal portion of the urethra.

Prostate gland secretions

A thin, milky, alkaline fluid that neutralizes acidic vaginal secretions.

Bulbourethral glands function

Secrete mucus-like fluid that lubricates the end of the penis.

Semen composition

Sperm cells and secretions from seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands.

Capacitation

The activation process sperm must undergo to fertilize an egg.

Male external reproductive organs

The scrotum and the penis.

Dartos muscle function

Contracts to wrinkle scrotal skin and regulate testicular temperature.

Three columns of erectile tissue in the penis

Two corpora cavernosa and one corpus spongiosum.

Glans penis

The sensitive, enlarged distal end of the corpus spongiosum.

Prepuce (foreskin)

A loose fold of skin covering the glans penis.

Emission vs. Ejaculation

Emission is movement of semen into urethra; ejaculation is its forceful expulsion.

Primary male androgen

Testosterone.

Puberty

The developmental phase when an individual becomes reproductively functional.

Primary sex organs (gonads) of females

The ovaries.

Ovary attachments (ligaments)

Broad ligament, suspensory ligament, and ovarian ligament.

Two regions of the ovary

An inner medulla and an outer cortex.

Primordial follicle composition

A single primary oocyte surrounded by follicular cells.

Oogenesis

The process of egg cell formation.

Products of primary oocyte division

A large secondary oocyte and a small first polar body.

Ovulation trigger

A surge in luteinizing hormone (LH).

Female internal accessory organs

Uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina.

Fimbriae

Fringe-like extensions of the uterine tube that help sweep up eggs.

Three layers of the uterine wall

Endometrium (inner), myometrium (middle muscular), perimetrium (outer).

Female external reproductive organs (vulva)

Labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vestibular glands.

Clitoris

A small, erectile structure at the anterior vulva, analogous to the penis.

Mammary glands location

Within the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior thorax, overlying pectoralis muscles.

Anatomical structure of cheeks

Form lateral walls of mouth; consist of outer skin, subcutaneous fat, buccinator muscles, and moist mucosa.

Anatomical structure of lips

Surround the mouth opening; consist of skeletal muscles, sensory receptors, and blood vessels.

Cause of reddish lip color

Due to many blood vessels located near the thin skin surface.

Location of the tongue

Floor of the oral cavity.

Frenulum of the tongue

A fold of mucous membrane anchoring the tongue to the floor of the mouth.

Composition of the tongue's body

Skeletal muscle fibers.

Functions of tongue muscles

Mix food with saliva and move it during chewing and swallowing.

Papillae of the tongue

Rough projections on the tongue surface that provide friction and contain taste buds.

Root of the tongue anchoring

Anchored to the hyoid bone.

Location of lingual tonsils

Posterior surface (root) of the tongue.

Anatomical structure of the palate

Forms the roof of the oral cavity; consists of hard and soft palates.

Hard vs. Soft palate formation

Hard palate is formed by bone; soft palate is formed by muscular arch.

The uvula and its function

A cone-shaped projection of the soft palate that closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing.

Location of palatine tonsils

Back of the mouth on either side of the tongue.

Location of pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

Posterior wall of the nasopharynx.

Primary vs. Secondary teeth counts

Primary teeth number 20 (deciduous); secondary teeth number 32 (permanent).

Arrangement of secondary teeth

Incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, and molars.

Specialization of incisors

Biting and cutting food.

Specialization of cuspids

Grasping and tearing food.

Specialization of bicuspids and molars

Grinding and crushing food.

Crown, Root, and Neck of a tooth

Crown is visible above gum; root is anchored in jaw; neck is the boundary.

Enamel vs. Dentin

Enamel is hard calcium salt outer layer; dentin is bone-like substance beneath enamel.

Pulp cavity and root canal contents

Contain blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue (pulp).

Cementum and periodontal ligament

Cementum encloses root; periodontal ligament anchors tooth to alveolar bone.

Three pairs of major salivary glands

Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.

Parotid glands location and secretion

Anterior and inferior to ears; secrete clear watery fluid rich in amylase.

Submandibular glands location and secretion

Floor of mouth inside lower jaw; secrete viscous fluid with amylase and mucus.

Sublingual glands location and secretion

Floor of mouth inferior to tongue; secrete thick, stringy mucus.

Three divisions of the pharynx

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

Esophageal hiatus

The opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes.

Lower esophageal sphincter function

Prevents regurgitation of stomach contents into the esophagus.

Rugae

Folds in the mucosal lining of the stomach that allow expansion.

Four parts of the stomach

Cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus.

Pyloric sphincter function

Controls gastric emptying from stomach into the duodenum.

Three cell types of gastric glands

Mucous cells (secrete mucus), chief cells (pepsinogen), and parietal cells (HCl, intrinsic factor).

Pepsin and intrinsic factor functions

Pepsin digests proteins; intrinsic factor aids vitamin B12 absorption.

Chyme

Semifluid paste of food and gastric juice.

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

Controls entry of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum.

Pancreatic amylase and lipase functions

Amylase digests starch; lipase digests lipids.

Pancreatic proteolytic enzymes

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase (digest proteins).

Largest internal organ

The liver.

Digestive role of the liver

Produces and secretes bile.

Emulsification by bile

Breaking down large fat globules into smaller droplets to aid digestion.

Three parts of the small intestine

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Ileocecal sphincter

Joins the small intestine's ileum to the large intestine's cecum.

Parts of the large intestine

Cecum, appendix, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid), rectum, and anal canal.

Teniae coli and haustra

Teniae coli are muscle bands; haustra are pouches created by the bands.

Defecation reflex trigger

Triggered by holding/distension of the rectum by feces.

Organs of the urinary system

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Functions of the kidneys

Filter blood, remove wastes, regulate fluid volume, pH, and red blood cell production.

Function of the ureter

Transports urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Function of the urinary bladder

Stores urine until it is eliminated.

Function of the urethra

Conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.

Appearance and enclosure of a kidney

Reddish-brown, bean-shaped, and enclosed by a tough, fibrous renal capsule.

Location of the kidneys

Retroperitoneally on either side of the vertebral column, against the posterior abdominal wall.

Retroperitoneally

Located behind the parietal peritoneum.

Renal sinus and renal pelvis

Sinus is the medial hollow chamber; pelvis is the funnel-shaped sac inside it.

Major and minor calyces

Major calyces are pelvis divisions; they divide further into minor calyces.

Renal medulla and renal pyramids

Medulla is the inner region, composed of conical masses called renal pyramids.

Renal cortex and renal columns

Cortex is the outer region; columns are cortical tissue dipping between pyramids.

Erythropoietin function

Hormone secreted by kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production.

Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney, consisting of a renal corpuscle and tubule.

Renal corpuscle components

A glomerulus (capillary cluster) and a glomerular capsule.