Consequence Interventions: Differential Reinforcement

What is differential reinforcement (DR)?

Reinforcing a desired behaviour while withholding reinforcement for an undesired behaviour. Motto: "Reinforce what you want more of; ignore what you want less of."

Compare DRA, DRI, and DRO with examples.

DRA (Alternative): Reinforce a different desirable behaviour (e.g., giving a "break card" instead of SIB for escape).

DRI (Incompatible): Reinforce a behaviour that cannot occur with the problem behaviour (e.g., singing instead of swearing).

DRO (Other): Reinforce any behaviour except the target problem (e.g., reward a child for not ruminating for 5 minutes).

How was DRA used in the SIB case study?

Children with SIB (maintained by escape) were taught to hand a "break card" to escape tasks, reducing SIB by 90%.

What is unique about DRI?

The reinforced behaviour is physically incompatible with the problem behaviour (e.g., sitting calmly vs. kicking furniture).

Describe the DRO intervention for rumination.

A 26-month-old received honey water (reinforcer) for not regurgitating food, leading to weight gain and reduced rumination.

When might DR be used without extinction?

When extinction is unsafe/impractical. Example: Teens allowed 30s pool access after dressing, reducing dangerous escape behaviours.

What is Functional Communication Training (FCT)?

A DRA + antecedent intervention that teaches communication to replace problem behaviour (e.g., saying "no" instead of tantrums).

Why is FCT socially valid?

- Uses natural reinforcement (e.g., attention, escape).

- Teaches practical skills (communication).

- Works without extinction if needed.

What are key considerations for FCT success?

- Communication must be easier than problem behaviour.

- Must match the function identified in EFA (e.g., attention-seeking → teach "look at me").

- Use any modality (speech, AAC, signs).

How does DR improve behaviour long-term?

- Strengthening adaptive behaviours.

- Removing reinforcement for maladaptive behaviours.

- Ensuring new behaviours access natural reinforcement.