IBC MIDTERMS Vocab

Science

Science

The process of learning about the natural world through evidence and logic

Scientific Law

A statement that describes what always happens under certain conditions.

Scientific Theory

A broad explanation that is widely accepted because it is supported by a great deal of evidence. Ex.(Big Bang Theory, Atomic Theory, etc. )

Chemistry

The branch of science that studies the properties of matter and energy and how they interact mostly at the level of atoms and molecules

Physical Chemistry

The study of macroscopic properties, atomic properties, and phenomena in chemical systems

Organic Chemistry

A branch of chemistry that involves study of properties, structure, reactions and compositions of compounds containing carbon and hydrogen, also called organic compounds

Biochemistry

The study of the chemical processes that occur in living things.

Analytical Chemistry

The study of the composition of matter.

Inorganic Chemistry

the study of chemicals that do not contain carbon (non-living things like pencil, paper, etc.)

Inductive Reasoning

When you draw a general conclusion based off of many clues or pieces of evidence

Scientific Method

The process of objectively getting facts through testing and experimentation

1. Question, 2. Research(if needed), 3.Hypothesis,

   4. Experiment, 5. Data, 6. Conclusion

Observation

The act of knowing and recording something

Mass

The amount of matter an object contains

Volume

The amount of space an object takes up

Physical Property

A characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance

Extensive Property

A property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample

Intensive Property

A property that depends on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount of matter

Physical Change

A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance

Solid

Definite shape and volume

Liquid

A state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volume.

Gas

A state of matter with no definite shape or volume

Vapor

Describes the gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature

States of Matter

the physical forms of matter, which include solid, liquid, and gas

Substance

A single kind of matter that is pure and has a specific set of properties.

Mixture

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined

Solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Homogeneous Mixture

A mixture in which substances are evenly distributed throughout the mixture

Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture in which different materials can be distinguished easily

Phase

Any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties

Chromatography

A technique that is used to separate the components of a mixture using a moblie and stationary phase based on differences in polarity and affinity.

Distillation

A process that separates the substances in a solution based on their boiling points

Filtration

A process that separates materials based on the size of their particles.

Element

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

Chemical Change

A change in matter that produces one or more new substances

Chemical Property

A characteristic of a pure substance that describes its ability to change into different substances

Chemical Reaction

the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances

Chemical Symbol

A one or two letter representation of an element

Flammability

A material's ability to burn in the presence of oxygen

Accuracy

A description of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured.

Conversion Factor

a ratio of equivalent measurements used to convert a quantity from one unit to another

Precision

a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another

Derived Quantities

formed from a combination of other measurements

Accepted Value

a quantity used by general agreement of the scientific community

Density

Mass of a unit volume of material substance

Experimental Value

the value measured in the lab

Giga

10^9 x 1,000,000,000 -----------1 billion

Error

Differences between observed value and what is true in nature

Mega

10^6 x 1,000,000 ----------------1 million

Percent Error

Difference between accepted value and experimental value divided by the accepted value

Significant Figures

All the digits that can be known precisely in a measurement, plus a last estimated digit

Hecto

10^2 x 100 1 hundred

Scientific Notation

Number of important single digits in the coefficient of an expression in scientific notation

Deka

- 10^1 x 10 ten

International System of Units

Global standard for expressing the magnitudes or quantities of an important natural phenomena

Deci

10^-1 x 0.1 ---------------1 tenth

English System

The foot-pound-second system of measurement

centi

10^-2 x 0.01 --------1 hundredth

Metric System

System of measurement that uses the meter, liter, and grams as base unit of length, capacity, weight, respectively

Milli

10^-3 x 0.001 ----------- 1 Thousandth

Dimensional Analysis

Fundamental analysis of measurement

Micro

10^-6 x 0.000, 001 ---------- 1 millionth

Temperature

A measure of how hot or cold something is.

Nano

10^-9 x 0.000,000,001 ----------billionth

Kelvin Scale

A scale of temperature with absolute zero as zero

Pico

10^-12 x 0.000,000,000,001 ------------Trillionth

Celsius Scale

A scale which is 0 for the freezing point and boiling point for the 100 point

Absolute Zero

-273.15 degrees Celsius, or -459.67 Fahrenheit

Atom

Smallest particle of an element

Nucleus

Center of an atom

Proton

A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

Electron

A subatomic particle that has a negative charge

Atomic Number

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass Number

The sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus