A2: Explain the philosophical assumptions underlying the science of behavior analysis (e.g., selectionism, determinism, empiricism, parsimony, pragmatism).

Selectionism

The philosophical stance asserting that behavior is shaped by consequences over time, akin to natural selection.

Determinism

The belief that all behaviors are determined by prior events in accordance with the laws of nature.

Empiricism

The principle that knowledge is based on observable and measurable evidence.

Parsimony

The philosophical preference for the simplest explanation that accounts for all observed phenomena.

Pragmatism

A philosophical approach that evaluates theories or beliefs based on their practical applications and outcomes.

Functionalism

A perspective in behavior analysis focusing on the role of behavior in adaptation and survival of the organism.

Behaviorism

A school of thought in psychology emphasizing the study of observable behavior over internal mental states.

Operant conditioning

A method of learning that employs rewards and punishments for behavior.

Reinforcement

The process of increasing the likelihood of a behavior by presenting a motivating item or removing an aversive stimulus.

Punishment

The process of decreasing a behavior by presenting an aversive consequence or removing a rewarding stimulus.