Human Biology Key Terms CIE Checkpoint
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34 Terms
Excretory system (renal system)
The body system that removes waste products from the blood and controls water balance. It includes the Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra.
Excretion
The process of removing waste products from the body.
Kidney
An organ that filters blood to remove urea, excess water, and excess salts forming urine.
Bladder
Stores urine.
Ureters
Tubes that take the urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Urethra
Tube the urine passes through to leave the body.
Filtration
The process in the kidneys where urea, excess salts and excess water are separated from the blood.
Urea
A waste product made when the body breaks down proteins.
Urine
Liquid waste made by the kidneys, containing water, urea, and salts.
DNA
A molecule that carries genetic information in all living things.
Genes
Sections of DNA that control characteristics by giving instructions to cells.
Chromosomes
Structures made of DNA that contain many genes. Humans have 46 chromosomes.
Organisms
Living things such as plants, animals, and microorganisms.
Characteristics
Features or traits of an organism, such as eye colour or height.
Fusion
The joining of two gametes (egg and sperm) during fertilisation.
Gametes
Sex cells (sperm in males, egg in females) that carry half the genetic information.
Fertilisation
When a sperm cell joins with an egg cell to form a zygote.
Egg
The female gamete (sex cell).
Sperm
The male gamete (sex cell).
Inheritance
Passing on characteristics from parents to offspring through genes.
Sex chromosomes
Chromosomes that determine whether an organism is male or female.
XX chromosomes
The combination that makes a female.
XY chromosomes
The combination that makes a male.
Parent
An organism that produces offspring.
Offspring
The young or children produced by parents.
Fetus
A developing baby inside the mother's uterus after about 8 weeks of pregnancy.
Fetal development
The process of growth and development and development of a baby inside the uterus.
Placenta
An organ that forms during pregnancy to provide the fetus with oxygen and nutrients and remove waste. Some drugs, diseases and toxins can also pass across the placenta.
Umbilical cord
A cord that connects the fetus to the placenta, carrying nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and removing waste.
Causes harm to fetal development
The pregnant person smoking, taking drugs, taking certain medicines, drinking and have a poor diet.
Uterus
The organ in a female where a fertilised egg implants and the fetus develops.
Low birth weight
When a baby is born weighing less than 2.5 kg, often linked to poor maternal health, smoking, or premature birth.
Premature birth
When a baby is born too early, before 37 weeks of pregnancy.
Stillbirth
When a baby is born without signs of life.