Biology Semester Test

A Theory

A set of principles, supported by data, that explains some aspect of nature

Gene Theory

All organisms contain coded information that dictates form and function

Characteristic of living things

Can acquire materials and energy, Can respond to their environment, Evoluntionary adaptations, Regulation of internal environment

Taxonomy

Grouping of organisms according to relationship

All atoms of an electron have the same number of ?

Neutrons

An atom will form bonds with other atoms in order to ?

Completely fill its outermost electron shell

Function of membrane proteins

Channels, Enzymes, Junction, Receptor

Covalent Bond

Sharing of electrons between two atoms

The major component of the plasma membrane

Phospholipids

A molecule with a positive and negative end

Polar

Endocytosis

Moving particles into a cell

A solution with more OH- than H+

A base

A solution with more H+ than OH-

An acid

Organic molecules

Protein, Nucleic Acid, Lipid, Monosaccharide

Energy Molecule of the cell

ATP

Carbohydrates are made up of ?

Sugars

Types of Lipids

Fats, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Oils

Phospholipid

A molecule consisting of two fatty acids, glycerol, and a phosphate group

Osmosis

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

The function of ribosomes is to synthesize ?

Proteins

Which organelle is responsible for folding proteins

The rough endoplasmic reticulum

The site of DNA storage in a eukaryotic cell is the ?

Nucleus

Cell theory

A cell is the basic unit of life, Nothing smaller than a cell is alive, All living things are made up of cells, New cells arise from preexisting cells

Chemical reactions that release energy are described as ?

Exergonic

The purpose of the plasma membrane is to ?

Control what goes in and out of the cell

The cytoskeleton of a cell is composed of ?

Protein filaments

What is the scientific name for humans ?

Homosapian

What is a polysaccharide

Starch, glycerol, chitin, cellulose

A small molecule that can be used repeatedly to make a large molecule is ?

Monomer

The tendency of water molecules to cling to other molecules is ?

Adhesion

The final 3D shape of a protein is ?

The tertiary structure of a protein

What affects the rate of enzyme activity ?

Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, presence of inhibitors

A hydrophobic molecule is ?

No polar and will not dissolve in water

A membrane protein that allows cells to attach to each other is ?

A junction protein

Potential energy is ?

Stored energy

Movement of particles across the cell membrane using cell energy is ?

Active Transport

The spot on an enzyme molecule where the substrate binds is the ?

Active Site

The bonds in the molecules of the food we eat represents ?

Chemical potential energy

Correct order for cellular respiration

Glycolysis, preparatory reaction, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

The majority of ATP in cellular respiration is produced during ?

Electron Transport chain

What molecule is the main electron carrier for cellular respiration

NAD+

Humans require oxygen to ?

Serve as he final electron acceptor

What is the main product of glycolysis

Pyruvate

What happens to the NADH from the citric acid cycle

It enters the electron transport chain

Making sure DNA is not damaged describes?

G1 checkpoint

During the Calvin cycle, plants ?

Fix CO2 into RuBP

The light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the ?

Thylakoid membrane

A molecule losing electrons describes

An oxidation reaction

Breaking down large molecules into smaller ones describes

Catabolism

The first step of the citric acid cycle is ?

Combining acetyl-CoA with a 4 carbon sugar

DNA replication occurs during which stage of the cell cycle

S

A gamete is

A reproductive cell

Final preparations for division occur during which stage of the cell cycle

G2

When do homologues chromosomes separate during meiosis

Anaphase I

Which of the following id the correct order for mitosis

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase

What increases genetic diversity in sexual reproduction

Independent assortment, crossing over, recombination

Having more or fewer than normal number of chromosomes is called

Aneuploidy

What happens during metaphase of mitosis

Chromosomes line up along the equator

Uncontrolled cell division is ?

Cancer

How many chromosomes are in a diploid human cell

46

How many chromosomes are in a human haploid cell

23

What is the term for the alleles of an individual

Genotype

The genotype Yy is an example of

A heterozygous genotype

An alternative form of a gene is

An allele

If a disease is autosomal recessive, it is caused by

A gene on a chromosome other than X or Y

If A and a are dominant and recessive alleles of a gene, which genotype(s) would result in an individual with the dominant phenotype

AA and A

Many genes affecting one trait is called

Polygenic inheritance

A man who is heterozygous for Huntingtons disease (autosomal dominant) marries a woman who doesn’t have the disease? What percent of their children will have Huntingtons disease

50%

X-linked conditions are caused by

Genes on the X chromosome

The actual division of a cell into two cells is

Cytokinesis

What is the main product of the electron transport chain

ATP

What happens during anaphase of mitosis

Sister chromatids separate

What is the main product of the Calvin cycle

G3P

How many pairs of autosomal are present in human cells

22

Which of he following best describes the results of meiosis

Four genetically different haploid cells

What type of plants use CAM photosynthesis

Desert succulents

The process by which prokaryotes reproduce is called

Binary Fission

Two chromosomes of the same size and containing genes for the same traits are described as

Homologous

A mutation resulting in a chromosome portion missing is called

A deletion

What is a gene

A segment of DNA that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein

Where does transcription occur

The nucleus

What is the complementary sequence for a segment of DNA with the sequence ACGGCT

TGCCGA

What molecules are produced in translation

Proteins

Which of the following is involved in both transcription and translation

Messenger RNA

Which of the following is the start codon for translation

AUG

What is a clone

An exact genetic copy of a gene, cell, or organism

What is a codon

Three bases in mRNA that code for an amino acid

What is used to cut DNA in generating recombination DNA

Restriction enzymes

What is the goal of PCR

Making many copies of the target DNA

Which of the following best describes translation

Amino acids added one at a time to make a protein

What is the goal of STR analysis

Identification

Which of the following best describes the structure of DNA

A double-stranded polymer of nucleotides formed into a helix

What is a mutation

A change in the DNA base sequence

How does the sequence of mRNA compare to the DNA of a gene

It is complementary

Movement of alleles into or out of of a population best describes

Migration

Natural Selection

Organisms become adapted,= to conditions as the environment changes, organisms compete for available resources, members of a population have inheritable variations, organisms within a population differ in terms of reproductive success

Speciation occurring with a geographic boundary is

Allopathic

Evidence which supports evolution can e found in studies of

Developmental biology, biochemical evidence, fossils, comparative anatomy

Which of the following is the most important force in shaping evolution

Natural selection

What affects gene expression

Chromatin structure, transcription factors, mRNA processing, Controlling when translation occurs