Biology Semester Test

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202 Terms

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A Theory

A set of principles, supported by data, that explains some aspect of nature

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Gene Theory

All organisms contain coded information that dictates form and function

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Characteristic of living things

Can acquire materials and energy, Can respond to their environment, Evoluntionary adaptations, Regulation of internal environment

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Taxonomy

Grouping of organisms according to relationship

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All atoms of an electron have the same number of ?

Neutrons

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An atom will form bonds with other atoms in order to ?

Completely fill its outermost electron shell

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Function of membrane proteins

Channels, Enzymes, Junction, Receptor

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Covalent Bond

Sharing of electrons between two atoms

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The major component of the plasma membrane

Phospholipids

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A molecule with a positive and negative end

Polar

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Endocytosis

Moving particles into a cell

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A solution with more OH- than H+

A base

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A solution with more H+ than OH-

An acid

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Organic molecules

Protein, Nucleic Acid, Lipid, Monosaccharide

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Energy Molecule of the cell

ATP

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Carbohydrates are made up of ?

Sugars

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Types of Lipids

Fats, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Oils

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Phospholipid

A molecule consisting of two fatty acids, glycerol, and a phosphate group

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Osmosis

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

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The function of ribosomes is to synthesize ?

Proteins

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Which organelle is responsible for folding proteins

The rough endoplasmic reticulum

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The site of DNA storage in a eukaryotic cell is the ?

Nucleus

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Cell theory

A cell is the basic unit of life, Nothing smaller than a cell is alive, All living things are made up of cells, New cells arise from preexisting cells

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Chemical reactions that release energy are described as ?

Exergonic

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The purpose of the plasma membrane is to ?

Control what goes in and out of the cell

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The cytoskeleton of a cell is composed of ?

Protein filaments

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What is the scientific name for humans ?

Homosapian

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What is a polysaccharide

Starch, glycerol, chitin, cellulose

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A small molecule that can be used repeatedly to make a large molecule is ?

Monomer

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The tendency of water molecules to cling to other molecules is ?

Adhesion

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The final 3D shape of a protein is ?

The tertiary structure of a protein

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What affects the rate of enzyme activity ?

Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, presence of inhibitors

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A hydrophobic molecule is ?

No polar and will not dissolve in water

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A membrane protein that allows cells to attach to each other is ?

A junction protein

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Potential energy is ?

Stored energy

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Movement of particles across the cell membrane using cell energy is ?

Active Transport

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The spot on an enzyme molecule where the substrate binds is the ?

Active Site

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The bonds in the molecules of the food we eat represents ?

Chemical potential energy

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Correct order for cellular respiration

Glycolysis, preparatory reaction, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

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The majority of ATP in cellular respiration is produced during ?

Electron Transport chain

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What molecule is the main electron carrier for cellular respiration

NAD+

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Humans require oxygen to ?

Serve as he final electron acceptor

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What is the main product of glycolysis

Pyruvate

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What happens to the NADH from the citric acid cycle

It enters the electron transport chain

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Making sure DNA is not damaged describes?

G1 checkpoint

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During the Calvin cycle, plants ?

Fix CO2 into RuBP

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The light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the ?

Thylakoid membrane

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A molecule losing electrons describes

An oxidation reaction

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Breaking down large molecules into smaller ones describes

Catabolism

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The first step of the citric acid cycle is ?

Combining acetyl-CoA with a 4 carbon sugar

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DNA replication occurs during which stage of the cell cycle

S

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A gamete is

A reproductive cell

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Final preparations for division occur during which stage of the cell cycle

G2

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When do homologues chromosomes separate during meiosis

Anaphase I

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Which of the following id the correct order for mitosis

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase

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What increases genetic diversity in sexual reproduction

Independent assortment, crossing over, recombination

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Having more or fewer than normal number of chromosomes is called

Aneuploidy

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What happens during metaphase of mitosis

Chromosomes line up along the equator

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Uncontrolled cell division is ?

Cancer

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How many chromosomes are in a diploid human cell

46

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How many chromosomes are in a human haploid cell

23

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What is the term for the alleles of an individual

Genotype

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The genotype Yy is an example of

A heterozygous genotype

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An alternative form of a gene is

An allele

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If a disease is autosomal recessive, it is caused by

A gene on a chromosome other than X or Y

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If A and a are dominant and recessive alleles of a gene, which genotype(s) would result in an individual with the dominant phenotype

AA and A

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Many genes affecting one trait is called

Polygenic inheritance

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A man who is heterozygous for Huntingtons disease (autosomal dominant) marries a woman who doesn’t have the disease? What percent of their children will have Huntingtons disease

50%

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X-linked conditions are caused by

Genes on the X chromosome

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The actual division of a cell into two cells is

Cytokinesis

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What is the main product of the electron transport chain

ATP

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What happens during anaphase of mitosis

Sister chromatids separate

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What is the main product of the Calvin cycle

G3P

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How many pairs of autosomal are present in human cells

22

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Which of he following best describes the results of meiosis

Four genetically different haploid cells

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What type of plants use CAM photosynthesis

Desert succulents

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The process by which prokaryotes reproduce is called

Binary Fission

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Two chromosomes of the same size and containing genes for the same traits are described as

Homologous

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A mutation resulting in a chromosome portion missing is called

A deletion

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What is a gene

A segment of DNA that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein

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Where does transcription occur

The nucleus

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What is the complementary sequence for a segment of DNA with the sequence ACGGCT

TGCCGA

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What molecules are produced in translation

Proteins

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Which of the following is involved in both transcription and translation

Messenger RNA

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Which of the following is the start codon for translation

AUG

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What is a clone

An exact genetic copy of a gene, cell, or organism

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What is a codon

Three bases in mRNA that code for an amino acid

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What is used to cut DNA in generating recombination DNA

Restriction enzymes

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What is the goal of PCR

Making many copies of the target DNA

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Which of the following best describes translation

Amino acids added one at a time to make a protein

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What is the goal of STR analysis

Identification

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Which of the following best describes the structure of DNA

A double-stranded polymer of nucleotides formed into a helix

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What is a mutation

A change in the DNA base sequence

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How does the sequence of mRNA compare to the DNA of a gene

It is complementary

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Movement of alleles into or out of of a population best describes

Migration

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Natural Selection

Organisms become adapted,= to conditions as the environment changes, organisms compete for available resources, members of a population have inheritable variations, organisms within a population differ in terms of reproductive success

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Speciation occurring with a geographic boundary is

Allopathic

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Evidence which supports evolution can e found in studies of

Developmental biology, biochemical evidence, fossils, comparative anatomy

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Which of the following is the most important force in shaping evolution

Natural selection

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What affects gene expression

Chromatin structure, transcription factors, mRNA processing, Controlling when translation occurs